机床又称工业母机，是用来制造机器的机器，按照是否使用数控系统可以分为数控机床和非数控机床。

Machine tools, also known as industrial mother machines, are machines used to manufacture machines. They can be divided into CNC machine tools and non CNC machine tools according to whether a CNC system is used.

数控机床上游主要为数控机床所需的各类设备部件，包括数控系统、核心零部件、功能部件、电子元件等；下游应用领域广泛，主要包括汽车制造、航空航天设备制造、船舶制造、模具制造、发电设备制造、冶金设备制造和通信设备制造等。

The upstream of CNC machine tools mainly consists of various equipment components required by CNC machine tools, including CNC systems, core components, functional components, electronic components, etc; The downstream application fields are extensive, mainly including automobile manufacturing, aerospace equipment manufacturing, shipbuilding, mold manufacturing, power generation equipment manufacturing, metallurgical equipment manufacturing, and communication equipment manufacturing.

数控机床主要构成为结构件、数控系统、传动系统、驱动系统、刀库及其他。丝杠导轨作为机床的核心传动部件；丝杠传动原理为丝杠和螺母的相对旋转将轴端电机的转动转化为直线运动，反之，也能够将直线运动变为回转运动；而导轨通常与丝杠配套使用，实现支撑和机械导向作用。

The main components of CNC machine tools are structural components, CNC systems, transmission systems, drive systems, tool libraries, and others. The screw guide rail serves as the core transmission component of the machine tool; The principle of screw transmission is that the relative rotation of the screw and nut converts the rotation of the shaft end motor into linear motion, and vice versa, it can also convert linear motion into rotary motion; And guide rails are usually used in conjunction with screws to achieve support and mechanical guidance.

丝杠具有低滑动摩擦系数、率、长寿命、可逆和易于控制等优点，因此是非常理想的传动元件之一。普通三轴机床在其XYZ三个线性轴基本采用1根丝杠搭配2根导轨进行传动，通常来说一台机床搭配3根丝杠+6根导轨。

The screw has the advantages of low sliding friction coefficient, high efficiency, long service life, reversibility, and easy control, making it one of the ideal transmission components. A regular three-axis machine tool uses one screw and two guide rails for transmission on its XYZ three linear axes. Generally, a machine tool is equipped with three screws and six guide rails.

机床丝杠按其摩擦特性可分为三类:即滑动丝杠、滚动（滚珠/滚柱）丝杠及静压丝杠，其中滚珠丝杠具有更高的精度和传动效率。机床对丝杠导轨精度要求更高。滚珠丝杠是机床理想传动的装置，主要由丝杠轴、螺母、滚珠以及循环部件组成。

Machine tool screws can be divided into three categories based on their friction characteristics: sliding screws, rolling (ball/roller) screws, and static pressure screws. Among them, ball screws have higher accuracy and transmission efficiency. Machine tools require higher precision for screw guides. Ball screw is the most ideal transmission device for machine tools, mainly composed of screw shaft, nut, ball, and circulating components.

丝杠轴、螺母和端盖上都制有圆弧形螺旋槽，将它们套装在一起时，这些槽对合起来就形成了螺旋通道，滚珠能够在通道内循环滚动。当丝杠相对于螺母旋转时，滚珠在滚道内自转，同时又在封闭的滚道内循环运动，使丝杠和螺母相对产生轴向运动。

The screw shaft, nut, and end cover are all equipped with arc-shaped spiral grooves. When they are assembled together, these grooves form a spiral channel, and the ball can circulate and roll in the channel. When the screw rotates relative to the nut, the ball rotates in the raceway and circulates in the enclosed raceway, causing axial movement between the screw and the nut.

滚珠丝杠主要可分为内循环和外循环两大类，外循环中又可再分为端部导流、管循环和端盖式。丝杠加工可以分为纯磨制工艺、轧制工艺和旋风铣工艺，旋风铣工艺渗透率正逐步提升。旋风铣是与普通车床配套的高速铣削螺纹装置。由于旋风铣为硬加工工艺（即加工硬度较高的材料），PCBN铣刀为旋风铣合适的加工刀具之一。

Ball screws can be mainly divided into two categories: internal circulation and external circulation. In external circulation, they can be further divided into end guide, pipe circulation, and end cover type. Screw processing can be divided into pure grinding process, rolling process, and cyclone milling process, and the penetration rate of cyclone milling process is gradually increasing. Cyclone milling is a high-speed thread milling device that is matched with a regular lathe. Due to the fact that cyclone milling is a hard machining process (i.e. processing materials with higher hardness), PCBN milling cutter is one of the most suitable machining tools for cyclone milling.