导轨丝杠是机械传动系统中的核心部件，主要用于将旋转运动转化为直线运动，或反之将直线运动转化为旋转运动，在精密机械、自动化设备中发挥着关键作用。其性能直接影响设备的运行精度、承载能力与使用寿命，了解其结构特点、类型差异及应用要求，有助于在设备设计与维护中做出合理选择，确保机械系统的稳定运行。

　　The guide screw is a core component in mechanical transmission systems, mainly used to convert rotational motion into linear motion, or vice versa, and plays a key role in precision machinery and automation equipment. Its performance directly affects the operational accuracy, load-bearing capacity, and service life of the equipment. Understanding its structural characteristics, type differences, and application requirements can help make reasonable choices in equipment design and maintenance, ensuring the stable and efficient operation of the mechanical system.

　　从结构组成来看，导轨丝杠由丝杠、螺母、导轨及支撑部件构成，各部分协同工作实现精准传动。丝杠是带有螺旋槽的圆柱体，通过与螺母的螺旋面接触传递力与运动，螺母内部的螺纹与丝杠匹配，部分螺母内置滚珠（滚珠丝杠）或滑动摩擦副（滑动丝杠），以减少传动过程中的摩擦损耗。导轨作为导向部件，限制螺母或工作台的自由度，确保其沿固定轨迹直线运动，常见的导轨类型有滑动导轨、滚动导轨（如直线滚珠导轨），通过与丝杠的平行安装，形成 “丝杠驱动 + 导轨导向” 的复合系统，避免传动过程中出现偏移或振动。支撑部件（如轴承座）用于固定丝杠两端，保证其旋转时的同轴度，减少因径向跳动导致的精度误差，高精度设备中还会配备预紧装置，丝杠与螺母之间的间隙，提升传动刚性。

　　From the perspective of structural composition, the guide screw is composed of a lead screw, nut, guide rail, and supporting components, and each part works together to achieve precise transmission. A screw is a cylindrical body with a spiral groove that transmits force and motion through contact with the helical surface of a nut. The threads inside the nut match the screw, and some nuts have built-in ball screws or sliding friction pairs to reduce friction losses during transmission. As a guiding component, the guide rail restricts the degree of freedom of the nut or worktable, ensuring its linear motion along a fixed trajectory. Common types of guide rails include sliding guide rails and rolling guide rails (such as linear ball guides). By installing parallel to the screw, a composite system of "screw drive+guide rail guidance" is formed to avoid displacement or vibration during transmission. Supporting components (such as bearing seats) are used to fix the two ends of the lead screw, ensuring its coaxiality during rotation and reducing accuracy errors caused by radial runout. High precision equipment is also equipped with pre tightening devices to eliminate the gap between the lead screw and nut and improve transmission rigidity.

　　按传动方式分类，导轨丝杠可分为滑动丝杠与滚动丝杠，适用场景各有侧重。滑动丝杠依靠丝杠与螺母的直接接触传动，结构简单、成本低，适合低速、轻载且对精度要求不高的设备（如普通升降平台、手动调整机构），但其摩擦系数较大（约 0.1-0.3），运行时易产生热量，长期使用可能出现磨损，导致间隙增大、精度下降。滚动丝杠通过滚珠在丝杠与螺母之间的滚动实现传动，摩擦系数仅为 0.001-0.005，传动效率达 90% 以上，远高于滑动丝杠，且磨损小、精度保持性好（长期使用精度损失≤0.01mm/m），适合高速、高精度设备（如数控机床、精密测量仪器）。此外，还有静压丝杠，通过液体压力支撑螺母与丝杠，摩擦几乎为零，承载能力极强，但结构复杂、成本高，多用于重型精密机械。

　　Classified by transmission mode, guide screw can be divided into sliding screw and rolling screw, each with its own emphasis on applicable scenarios. Sliding screw relies on direct contact transmission between the screw and nut, with a simple structure and low cost, suitable for low-speed, light load and low precision equipment (such as ordinary lifting platforms and manual adjustment mechanisms). However, its friction coefficient is relatively high (about 0.1-0.3), and it is prone to generate heat during operation. Long term use may cause wear, resulting in increased clearance and decreased accuracy. Rolling screw achieves transmission through the rolling of balls between the screw and nut, with a friction coefficient of only 0.001-0.005 and a transmission efficiency of over 90%, far higher than sliding screw. It also has low wear and good accuracy retention (long-term use accuracy loss ≤ 0.01mm/m), making it suitable for high-speed and high-precision equipment (such as CNC machine tools and precision measuring instruments). In addition, there is a static pressure screw that supports the nut and screw through liquid pressure, with almost zero friction and extremely strong load-bearing capacity. However, it has a complex structure and high cost, and is mostly used in heavy precision machinery.

　　精度等级是导轨丝杠的重要性能指标，需根据设备需求合理选择。精度等级通常按导程误差划分，普通级（如 C 级）导程误差在 0.1mm/300mm 以内，适合一般自动化设备；精密级（如 C3 级）误差≤0.02mm/300mm，用于数控机床的进给系统；超精密级（如 C1 级）误差≤0.005mm/300mm，适配光学仪器、半导体设备等对精度要求极高的场景。精度不仅影响运动位置的准确性，还关系到速度的稳定性，高精度丝杠在高速运行时（如 1000r/min 以上）能保持匀速，避免出现速度波动导致的设备振动，而低精度丝杠可能因螺旋槽不均匀，在传动中产生周期性冲击。

　　Accuracy level is an important performance indicator of guide screw, which needs to be selected reasonably according to equipment requirements. Accuracy levels are usually classified based on lead error, with ordinary levels (such as level C) having lead errors within 0.1mm/300mm, suitable for general automation equipment; Precision grade (such as C3 grade) with an error of ≤ 0.02mm/300mm, used for the feed system of CNC machine tools; Ultra precision level (such as C1 level) with an error of ≤ 0.005mm/300mm, suitable for scenarios with extremely high precision requirements such as optical instruments and semiconductor equipment. Accuracy not only affects the accuracy of motion position, but also relates to the stability of speed. High precision lead screws can maintain a constant speed during high-speed operation (such as above 1000r/min), avoiding equipment vibration caused by speed fluctuations, while low precision lead screws may generate periodic impacts during transmission due to uneven spiral grooves.

　　承载能力与使用寿命取决于材料与制造工艺，需匹配设备的工作负荷。丝杠与导轨的常用材料为高强度合金钢（如 40Cr、50CrMo），经淬火处理（硬度达 HRC58-62）后提升耐磨性，表面可进行镀铬或氮化处理，增强抗腐蚀能力，适应潮湿或粉尘环境（如食品加工设备、户外机械）。承载能力按额定动载荷与静载荷划分，动载荷是指长期运行下丝杠不发生疲劳破坏的载荷，静载荷则是短期承受的载荷（如启动瞬间的冲击载荷），选型时需确保设备实际载荷不超过额定值的 80%，避免因过载导致丝杠变形或断裂。使用寿命方面，滚动丝杠在正常维护下（定期润滑、清洁）可运行 1000-3000 小时，滑动丝杠因磨损较快，寿命通常为 500-1500 小时，具体需根据运行速度、载荷大小及环境条件调整。

　　The bearing capacity and service life depend on the material and manufacturing process, and need to be matched with the working load of the equipment. The commonly used materials for lead screws and guide rails are high-strength alloy steel (such as 40Cr, 50CrMo), which is quenched (with a hardness of HRC58-62) to improve wear resistance. The surface can be chrome plated or nitrided to enhance corrosion resistance and adapt to humid or dusty environments (such as food processing equipment and outdoor machinery). The bearing capacity is divided into rated dynamic load and static load. Dynamic load refers to the maximum load that the lead screw will not experience fatigue failure under long-term operation, while static load is the maximum load it can withstand in the short term (such as the impact load at the moment of start-up). When selecting, it is necessary to ensure that the actual load of the equipment does not exceed 80% of the rated value to avoid deformation or fracture of the lead screw due to overload. In terms of service life, the rolling screw can operate for 1000-3000 hours under normal maintenance (regular lubrication and cleaning), while the sliding screw usually has a service life of 500-1500 hours due to rapid wear, which needs to be adjusted according to the operating speed, load size, and environmental conditions.

　　安装与维护对导轨丝杠的性能发挥关重要，需遵循规范流程。安装时需保证丝杠与导轨的平行度（误差≤0.1mm/m），否则会产生附加力矩，加剧磨损与噪音；螺母与工作台的连接需采用柔性固定（如使用弹性垫片），安装误差导致的应力集中。润滑是维护的核心环节，滑动丝杠需定期涂抹润滑脂（如锂基润滑脂），滚动丝杠则需加注专用润滑油（粘度等级 ISO VG32-68），确保摩擦面形成油膜，减少金属直接接触，在粉尘较多的环境中，还需配备防尘罩（如伸缩式防护罩），防止杂质进入螺旋槽。运行中需定期检查间隙变化，若发现反向传动时出现空行程（超过 0.02mm），需通过预紧装置调整，恢复传动精度，避免影响设备的加工或测量结果。

　　Installation and maintenance are crucial for the performance of the guide screw and must follow standardized procedures. During installation, it is necessary to ensure the parallelism between the screw and the guide rail (error ≤ 0.1mm/m), otherwise additional torque will be generated, which will exacerbate wear and noise; The connection between the nut and the workbench needs to be fixed flexibly (such as using elastic washers) to eliminate stress concentration caused by installation errors. Lubrication is the core link of maintenance. Sliding screws need to be regularly coated with lubricating grease (such as lithium based grease), while rolling screws need to be filled with specialized lubricating oil (viscosity grade ISO VG32-68) to ensure the formation of an oil film on the friction surface and reduce direct metal contact. In dusty environments, dust covers (such as retractable protective covers) should also be equipped to prevent impurities from entering the spiral groove. During operation, it is necessary to regularly check for changes in clearance. If empty travel (exceeding 0.02mm) is found during reverse transmission, it should be adjusted through a pre tensioning device to restore transmission accuracy and avoid affecting the processing or measurement results of the equipment.

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