杠将旋转运动转化为直线运动。按照丝杠的摩擦特性，可分为梯形丝杠、滚珠 丝杠、行星滚柱丝杠。（1）梯形丝杠：也称滑动丝杠，牙型多为梯形，螺母和丝杠轴直接接触，运动 时产生滑动摩擦力。（2）滚珠丝杠：在丝杠与螺母旋之间放置适量滚珠作为中间传动体，运动时产 生滚动摩擦力。（3）行星滚柱丝杠：在主螺纹丝杠的周围，按行星式布置 6-12 个螺纹滚柱，基 本结构与滚珠丝杠相似，区别在于载荷传递元件为螺纹滚柱，而非滚珠。滚柱和 丝杠之间是线接触，接触面大大增加，因此具有高刚性、高承载能力，比同规格 滚珠丝杠副高出 3 倍以上（超过 10 倍）。

The bar converts rotational motion into linear motion. According to the friction characteristics of the screw, it can be divided into trapezoidal screw, ball screw, and planetary roller screw. (1) Trapezoidal screw: also known as sliding screw, the tooth shape is mostly trapezoidal, and the nut and screw shaft are in direct contact, generating sliding friction during movement. (2) Ball screw: Place an appropriate amount of ball between the screw and the nut as the intermediate transmission body, which generates rolling friction during movement. (3) Planetary roller screw: Around the main threaded screw, 6-12 threaded rollers are arranged in a planetary pattern, with a basic structure similar to ball screws, except that the load transfer element is a threaded roller rather than a ball. The contact between the roller and the screw is linear, greatly increasing the contact surface, thus having high rigidity and high load-bearing capacity, which is more than 3 times higher than that of ball screw pairs of the same specification (up to 10 times higher).

滚珠丝杠因传动效率高、寿命长，是目前主流的丝杠产品。梯形丝杠的摩擦阻力 大，传动效率一般低于 40%，磨损快、使用寿命短，不能满足现代机械传动在高 速度、率、高精度等方面的要求。滚珠丝杠磨损小，传动效率能达到 90% 以上，使用寿命更长，是主流的丝杠产品。行星滚柱丝杠虽然性能高，但制造难 度大、成本高，目前商业化应用较少，主要用于重载和高可靠性要求的场合，如 航空母舰、核潜艇、核电站、重型军事装备、冶金设备及重型数控机床等。

Ball screw is currently the mainstream screw product due to its high transmission efficiency and long service life. The trapezoidal screw has high friction resistance, transmission efficiency is generally less than 40%, fast wear, short service life, and cannot meet the requirements of modern mechanical transmission in terms of high speed, high efficiency, and high precision. Ball screw has low wear, transmission efficiency can reach over 90%, and longer service life, making it a mainstream screw product. Although planetary roller screws have high performance, they are difficult to manufacture and costly. Currently, they are less commercialized and mainly used in heavy-duty and high reliability applications, such as aircraft carriers, nuclear submarines, nuclear power plants, heavy military equipment, metallurgical equipment, and heavy-duty CNC machine tools.

滚珠丝杠副主要由丝杠轴、螺母和滚珠组成。丝杠轴是有螺纹滚道的圆柱轴；螺 母由螺母体、滚珠循环装置等部件构成，其中滚珠循环装置是一条或多条连续的 封闭通道，作用是实现滚珠的循环。滚珠包括承受载荷的负荷滚珠和不承受载荷 的间隔滚珠，间隔滚珠主要起间隔作用，直径比负荷滚珠小。

The ball screw pair mainly consists of a screw shaft, a nut, and a ball. The screw shaft is a cylindrical shaft with a threaded raceway; The nut is composed of a nut body, a ball circulation device, and other components, among which the ball circulation device is one or more continuous closed channels, which are used to achieve the circulation of the ball. Ball bearings include load bearing ball bearings and non load bearing spacer ball bearings, with spacer ball bearings mainly serving as spacers and having a smaller diameter than load bearing ball bearings.

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