在机械传动领域，丝杠如同设备运行的 “精准标尺”，但轴向间隙的存在却会让这份精准大打折扣，导致设备运行出现位移偏差、振动加剧等问题。想要让丝杠恢复稳定的传动性能，轴向间隙势在必行，这需要从原理分析到方法应用，步步为营攻克难题。

　　In the field of mechanical transmission, the screw is like a "precise ruler" for equipment operation, but the existence of axial clearance can greatly reduce this accuracy, leading to displacement deviation, increased vibration and other problems during equipment operation. It is imperative to eliminate axial clearance in order to restore stable and efficient transmission performance of the screw. This requires a step-by-step approach from principle analysis to method application to overcome difficulties.

　　找准 “病根”：解析间隙产生的源头

　　Identifying the 'root cause': Analyzing the source of gap generation

　　丝杠产生轴向间隙的原因多种多样。长期使用后，丝杠与螺母的螺纹面磨损，配合精度下降，会导致间隙逐渐增大；装配过程中，如果安装不当，比如丝杠与支撑轴承的同轴度误差过大，或者螺母与工作台的连接不牢固，也会造成轴向间隙出现。此外，温度变化引起的热胀冷缩，以及设备运行时受到的冲击载荷，都会使丝杠的轴向位置发生微小变动，久而久之形成间隙。只有明确间隙产生的具体原因，才能 “对症下药” 选择合适的方法。

　　There are various reasons for the axial clearance of lead screws. After long-term use, the threaded surface of the screw and nut will wear out, the fitting accuracy will decrease, and the gap will gradually increase; During the assembly process, improper installation, such as excessive coaxiality error between the lead screw and the supporting bearing, or loose connection between the nut and the worktable, can also cause axial clearance. In addition, thermal expansion and contraction caused by temperature changes, as well as impact loads experienced during equipment operation, can cause slight changes in the axial position of the screw, leading to the formation of gaps over time. Only by identifying the specific reasons for the gap can appropriate elimination methods be chosen accordingly.

　　垫片调整法：“加减” 之间的精准调控

　　Gasket adjustment method: precise control between "addition and subtraction"

　　垫片调整法是较为常见且基础的方式。在丝杠的轴承座与安装基面之间，通过增减垫片的厚度来调整轴向位置。先拆卸丝杠的轴承端盖，测量现有间隙大小，根据测量结果选择合适厚度的垫片。若间隙较小，可增加较薄的垫片；间隙较大时，则需更换较厚的垫片。添加垫片后，重新安装轴承端盖并拧紧螺栓，此时通过垫片的厚度补偿，丝杠与螺母的轴向配合得到调整，间隙得以减小。这种方法操作相对简单，但对垫片厚度的选择要求较高，需要多次尝试和测量，以达到的间隙效果。

　　The gasket adjustment method is a common and fundamental elimination method. Adjust the axial position between the bearing seat of the screw and the installation base by increasing or decreasing the thickness of the gasket. First, remove the bearing end cover of the screw, measure the existing gap size, and select the appropriate thickness gasket based on the measurement results. If the gap is small, thinner gaskets can be added; When the gap is large, a thicker gasket needs to be replaced. After adding the gasket, reinstall the bearing end cover and tighten the bolts. At this time, the axial fit between the screw and nut is adjusted by compensating for the thickness of the gasket, and the gap is reduced. This method is relatively simple to operate, but requires high selection of gasket thickness, requiring multiple attempts and measurements to achieve the best clearance elimination effect.

　　双螺母预紧法：“双向挤压” 的稳定之道

　　Double nut pre tightening method: the stable way of "bi-directional extrusion"

　　双螺母预紧法能有效提高丝杠的传动精度和刚性。在同一根丝杠上安装两个螺母，通过一定方式使两个螺母产生轴向相对位移，形成预紧力，从而间隙。常见的预紧方式有垫片预紧、螺纹预紧和齿差预紧。垫片预紧是在两个螺母之间安装垫片，通过调整垫片厚度使螺母产生相对位移；螺纹预紧则是利用螺母上的螺纹结构，旋转其中一个螺母改变两者间距；齿差预紧是在两个螺母的凸缘上加工出齿数不同的齿轮，与固定在螺母座上的内齿圈相啮合，通过调整齿轮的相对位置实现预紧。双螺母预紧后，无论丝杠受到哪个方向的轴向力，都能通过两个螺母的相互挤压抵消间隙，使传动更加平稳、精准。

　　The double nut pre tightening method can effectively improve the transmission accuracy and rigidity of the screw. Install two nuts on the same lead screw, and use a certain method to cause axial relative displacement between the two nuts, forming a preload force to eliminate the gap. Common pre tightening methods include gasket pre tightening, thread pre tightening, and tooth difference pre tightening. Pre tightening of gaskets is the process of installing gaskets between two nuts and adjusting the thickness of the gaskets to cause relative displacement of the nuts; Thread pre tightening is the use of the thread structure on the nut, rotating one of the nuts to change the distance between the two; Tooth difference pre tightening is the process of machining gears with different numbers of teeth on the flanges of two nuts, meshing with the internal gear ring fixed on the nut seat, and achieving pre tightening by adjusting the relative position of the gears. After pre tightening the double nuts, regardless of the direction of axial force on the screw, the clearance can be offset by the mutual compression of the two nuts, making the transmission smoother and more accurate.

　　更换磨损部件：“除旧布新” 的彻底修复

　　Replacing worn parts: a thorough repair of "removing old and replacing with new"

　　当丝杠或螺母磨损严重，其他方法难以达到理想效果时，更换磨损部件是直接有效的措施。先拆卸丝杠和螺母，仔细检查其磨损情况，确认需要更换后，选择与原型号规格一致的新品。安装新部件时，严格按照装配工艺要求操作，确保丝杠与螺母的同轴度、平行度等参数符合标准。同时，对相关的轴承、密封件等也进行检查和更换，避免因其他部件的问题再次引发轴向间隙。更换完成后，还需进行的调试和检测，确保丝杠的传动性能恢复正常。

　　When the screw or nut is severely worn and other methods are difficult to achieve the desired effect, replacing the worn parts is the most direct and effective measure. First, disassemble the lead screw and nut, carefully inspect their wear condition, confirm that they need to be replaced, and then select a new product that is consistent with the original model specifications. When installing new components, strictly follow the assembly process requirements to ensure that the coaxiality, parallelism, and other parameters of the screw and nut meet the standards. At the same time, relevant bearings, seals, etc. are also inspected and replaced to avoid further axial clearance caused by problems with other components. After the replacement is completed, comprehensive debugging and testing are needed to ensure that the transmission performance of the screw is restored to normal.

　　日常维护：间隙防控的 “长效机制”

　　Daily maintenance: a 'long-term mechanism' for gap prevention and control

　　轴向间隙后，日常维护同样关键。定期对丝杠进行润滑保养，使用合适的润滑油或润滑脂，减少螺纹面的摩擦和磨损；避免设备超负荷运行，防止过大的冲击载荷对丝杠造成损伤；在设备停机期间，做好防尘、防潮措施，防止灰尘、水分进入丝杠与螺母的配合间隙，影响传动精度。通过这些维护措施，能够有效延缓丝杠轴向间隙的产生，延长设备的使用寿命。

　　After eliminating the axial clearance, daily maintenance is equally crucial. Regularly lubricate and maintain the screw, using appropriate lubricating oil or grease to reduce friction and wear on the threaded surface; Avoid overloading the equipment and prevent excessive impact loads from damaging the screw; During equipment shutdown, take measures to prevent dust and moisture from entering the clearance between the screw and nut, which may affect transmission accuracy. Through these maintenance measures, the generation of axial clearance of the screw can be effectively delayed, and the service life of the equipment can be extended.

　　丝杠轴向间隙的是保障机械传动精度的重要环节。从剖析间隙根源到灵活运用各种方法，再到建立完善的维护机制，每一步都关乎设备的稳定运行。打赢这场 “清零行动”，才能让丝杠在精密传动的舞台上持续发挥关键作用，为机械设备的运转保驾护航。

　　The elimination of axial clearance of screw is an important link to ensure the accuracy of mechanical transmission. From analyzing the root cause of gaps to flexibly applying various elimination methods, and then establishing a comprehensive maintenance mechanism, every step is related to the stable operation of the equipment. Winning this' zero tolerance action 'is essential for the screw to continue playing a crucial role on the stage of precision transmission, safeguarding the efficient operation of mechanical equipment.

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