拒绝卡顿、损耗！导轨丝杠，决定设备精度与寿命的核心关键

　　Reject lagging and loss! Guide screw, the core key to determining equipment accuracy and lifespan

　　丝杠是一种机械传动元件，通常用于将旋转运动转换为线性运动，主要由丝杠和螺母两部分组成，丝杠是具有螺纹母线的长条状零件，螺母则是一种外部具有螺纹母线的零件，螺母可以通过转动丝杠来移动沿丝杠的方向。

　　A lead screw is a mechanical transmission component commonly used to convert rotational motion into linear motion. It is mainly composed of a lead screw and a nut. The lead screw is a long strip component with a threaded generatrix, while the nut is an external component with a threaded generatrix. The nut can move along the direction of the lead screw by rotating it.

　　丝杠广泛应用于具有直线运动功能的机器设备中，电机通过联轴器带动丝杠轴转动，丝杠轴上的螺母在螺旋形螺纹的驱动下实现直线往复运动，从而将电机的旋转力矩转化为设备运动所需要的直线方向的驱动力。

　　Screw is widely used in machines and equipment with linear motion function. The motor drives the screw shaft to rotate through a coupling, and the nut on the screw shaft achieves linear reciprocating motion under the drive of the spiral thread, thereby converting the rotational torque of the motor into the driving force in the linear direction required for equipment motion.

　　根据摩擦特性可以分为3种：即滑动丝杠、滚动丝杠和静压丝杠，滚动丝杠又分为滚珠丝杠和滚柱丝杠。其中，滑动丝杠中无滚动体，靠滑动摩擦传递推力，传动效率较低；滚珠和滚柱丝杠具有钢球或螺杆型的滚动体，靠滚动摩擦传递推力，传动效率较高；静压丝杠为液体摩擦，适合于需要较高的进给推力以及具有频繁振动负载的场合。针对滑动丝杠、滚珠丝杠和滚柱丝杠三者的差异可以简单梳理成以下：

　　According to the friction characteristics, it can be divided into three types: sliding screw, rolling screw, and static pressure screw. Rolling screw is further divided into ball screw and roller screw. Among them, the sliding screw has no rolling elements and relies on sliding friction to transmit thrust, resulting in lower transmission efficiency; Ball and roller screws have rolling elements of steel ball or screw type, which transmit thrust through rolling friction and have high transmission efficiency; Static pressure screw is liquid friction, suitable for situations that require high feed thrust and frequent vibration loads. The differences between sliding screws, ball screws, and roller screws can be simply summarized as follows:

　　滚珠丝杠传动效率一般能达到90%-96%，约为滑动丝杠的2-4倍。行星滚柱丝杠在承载能力及寿命、在导程和空间、速度等方面均优于滚珠丝杠。

　　The transmission efficiency of ball screws can generally reach 90% -96%, which is about 2-4 times that of sliding screws. Planetary roller screws are superior to ball screws in terms of load-bearing capacity and lifespan, as well as in terms of lead, space, and speed.

　　（一）滚珠丝杠滚珠丝杠由于高精度、结构紧凑的特点，适用于灵巧手的设计。当螺母旋转时，滚珠在螺杆与螺母之间的螺纹滚道内循环滚动，从而驱动螺母实现平稳的直线运动。通过以滚动摩擦替代滑动摩擦，该结构显著降低了摩擦阻力，具有传动效率高、定位精度优、传动可逆以及使用寿命长等优点，因而广泛应用于工业设备、精密仪器、数控机床和机器人等领域。

　　（1） Ball screws are suitable for the design of dexterous hands due to their high precision and compact structure. When the nut rotates, the ball circulates and rolls in the threaded raceway between the screw and the nut, thereby driving the nut to achieve smooth linear motion. By replacing sliding friction with rolling friction, this structure significantly reduces frictional resistance and has advantages such as high transmission efficiency, excellent positioning accuracy, reversible transmission, and long service life. Therefore, it is widely used in industrial equipment, precision instruments, CNC machine tools, and robots.

　　（二）滚柱丝杠根据不同的结构设计，滚柱丝杠分为标准式、反向式、循环式、差动式、轴承环式。标准式行星滚柱丝杠主要应用于精密机床、机器人、军工装备等领域，是目前应用广泛的类型；反向式行星滚柱丝杠多应用于航空、航天、船舶、电力等领域；循环式行星滚柱丝杠主要应用于要求高刚度、高承载、高精度的场合，如医疗器械、光学精密仪器等领域；差动式行星滚柱丝杠适用于传动比较大，承载能力较高的应用场合；轴承环式行星滚柱丝杠主要适用于高承载、率等场合，如石油化工、重型机械等领域。

　　（2） According to different structural designs, roller screws are divided into standard, reverse, cyclic, differential, and bearing ring types. The standard planetary roller screw is mainly used in precision machine tools, robots, military equipment and other fields, and is currently the most widely used type; Reverse planetary roller screw is widely used in aviation, aerospace, shipbuilding, power and other fields; The cyclic planetary roller screw is mainly used in applications that require high stiffness, high load-bearing capacity, and high precision, such as medical devices, optical precision instruments, and other fields; Differential planetary roller screw is suitable for applications with large transmission ratios and high load-bearing capacity; The bearing ring planetary roller screw is mainly suitable for high load capacity, high efficiency and other applications, such as petrochemicals, heavy machinery and other fields.

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