今天从滚珠丝杆的特点、组成和分类、几种安装方式和主要参数入手，咱们详细的聊一聊滚珠丝杆的那些事儿。

　　Today, starting from the characteristics, composition and classification, several installation methods and main parameters of ball screws, let's talk in detail about those things related to ball screws.

　　关于滚珠丝杆的介绍，百度百科的内容是以下解说：

　　Regarding the introduction of ball screws, the content of Baidu Baike is as follows:

　　滚珠丝杠是将回转运动转化为直线运动，或将直线运动转化为回转运动的理想的产品。

　　Ball screws are ideal products for converting rotary motion into linear motion, or converting linear motion into rotary motion.

　　滚珠丝杠是工具机械和精密机械上常使用的传动元件，其主要功能是将旋转运动转换成线性运动，或将扭矩转换成轴向反复作用力，同时兼具高精度、可逆性和率的特点。由于具有很小的摩擦阻力，滚珠丝杠被广泛应用于各种工业设备和精密仪器。简单来说，滚珠丝杆就是可以由旋转运动转化为直线运动或者由直线运动转换为旋转运动的机构，但是一般对它的应用都是由旋转运动转换为直线运动。

　　Ball screw is the most commonly used transmission component in tool machinery and precision machinery. Its main function is to convert rotational motion into linear motion or torque into axial repetitive force, while also possessing the characteristics of high precision, reversibility, and high efficiency. Due to its low frictional resistance, ball screws are widely used in various industrial equipment and precision instruments. Simply put, a ball screw is a mechanism that can convert rotational motion into linear motion or from linear motion to rotational motion, but its general application is to convert rotational motion into linear motion.

　　滚珠丝杆的特点

　　Characteristics of ball screw

　　1.摩擦损失小、传动效率高由于滚珠丝杠副的丝杠轴与丝杠螺母之间有很多滚珠在做滚动运动，所以能得到较高的运动效率。与过去的滑动丝杠副相比驱动力矩达到1/3以下，即达到同样运动结果所需的动力为使用滑动丝杠副的1/3。在省电方面很有帮助。2.精度高滚珠丝杠副是一般是用世界水平的机械设备连贯生产出来的，特别是在研削、组装、检查各工序的工厂环境方面，对温度、湿度进行了严格的控制，由于完善的品质管理体制使精度得以充分保证。3.高速进给和微进给可能滚珠丝杠副由于是利用滚珠运动，所以启动力矩极小，不会出现滑动运动那样的爬行现象，能保证实现精确的微进给。4.轴向刚度高滚珠丝杠副可以加与预压，由于预压力可使轴向间隙达到负值，进而得到较高的刚性（滚珠丝杠内通过给滚珠加予压力，在实际用于机械装置等时，由于滚珠的斥力可使丝母部的刚性增强）。5.不能自锁、具有传动的可逆性滚珠丝杆的组成和分类

　　1. Low friction loss and high transmission efficiency. Due to the rolling motion of many balls between the screw shaft and screw nut of the ball screw pair, high motion efficiency can be achieved. Compared with the past sliding screw pair, the driving torque reaches less than 1/3, which means that the power required to achieve the same motion result is 1/3 of using a sliding screw pair. It is very helpful in terms of power saving. 2. High precision ball screw pairs are generally produced using the world's highest level of mechanical equipment, especially in the factory environment of grinding, assembly, and inspection processes, with strict control of temperature and humidity. Due to a sound quality management system, accuracy is fully guaranteed. 3. High speed feed and micro feed may use ball screw pairs that utilize ball motion, resulting in extremely low starting torque and no crawling phenomenon like sliding motion, ensuring precise micro feed. 4. High axial stiffness ball screw pairs can be preloaded, as preloading can cause negative axial clearance, resulting in higher rigidity (by applying pressure to the ball inside the ball screw, in practical use in mechanical devices, the repulsive force of the ball can enhance the rigidity of the female part). 5. Composition and classification of reversible ball screws that cannot self lock and have transmission

　　滚珠丝杠由螺杆、螺母、钢球、预压片、反向器和防尘器组成。它的功能是将旋转运动转化成直线运动，这是艾克姆螺杆的进一步延伸和发展，这项发展的重要意义就是将轴承从滑动动作变成滚动动作。由于具有很小的摩擦阻力，滚珠丝杠被广泛应用于各种工业设备和精密仪器。关于滚珠丝杆，种类太多了，这里咱们就列举几种比较常见的。1.自润式滚珠丝杆：具有可拆换除油装置的自润式滚珠丝杆，不需要润滑管路系统与设备，减少了换油和废油处理成本。2.静音式滚珠丝杆：它的原理是在滚珠之间设置有特殊沟型的滚珠间隔环，可以抑制住滚珠与滚珠之间碰撞所产生的噪音，使滚珠丝杆在运动的时候更加的安静、平顺。3.高速化滚珠丝杆：具有高加速、高刚性、高速进给、低振动、低噪音的特点。使用在工具机的快速进给，磨具高速切削中心机和高速纵荷切削中心等领域。4.重负荷型滚珠丝杆：能够承受较大的轴向负荷，适用于全电式设计机、空压机、半导体制造装置和锻压制造装置等。还有轧制和研磨级丝杆的区分，轧制丝杆的精度相对低一点，适用于精度要求不是很高的场合；而研磨级丝杆，根据它的名称也可以看的出来，精度比较高，适合精度要求高的场合。而根据螺母中的滚珠循环方式，可以分为外循环、内循环、端盖式。先说一下端盖式，这种是比较早期的结构，但是缺点比较明显，现在基本已经被淘汰了，用到的很少，所以这里就稍微提一下。关于内外循环螺母的具体构造咱们就不聊了，毕竟咱们不需要造丝杆，只需要知道两者的区别以及各自的优缺点就可以。

　　A ball screw consists of a screw, nut, steel ball, pre press plate, reverser, and dust collector. Its function is to convert rotational motion into linear motion, which is a further extension and development of the Ekm screw. The significance of this development is to transform bearings from sliding motion to rolling motion. Due to its low frictional resistance, ball screws are widely used in various industrial equipment and precision instruments. There are too many types of ball screws, here we will list a few of the more common ones. 1. Self lubricating ball screw: A self lubricating ball screw with a detachable oil removal device that does not require lubrication of pipeline systems and equipment, reducing the cost of oil change and waste oil treatment. 2. Silent ball screw: Its principle is to set a special groove type ball spacer ring between the balls, which can suppress the noise generated by the collision between the balls, making the ball screw quieter and smoother during movement. 3. High speed ball screw: characterized by high acceleration, high rigidity, high-speed feed, low vibration, and low noise. Used in fields such as rapid feed of machine tools, high-speed cutting centers for grinding tools, and high-speed longitudinal load cutting centers. 4. Heavy duty ball screw: capable of withstanding large axial loads, suitable for fully electric design machines, air compressors, semiconductor manufacturing equipment, forging manufacturing equipment, etc. There is also a distinction between rolling and grinding grade screws. Rolling screws have relatively lower accuracy and are suitable for situations where precision requirements are not very high; And the grinding grade screw, according to its name, can also be seen that it has high precision and is suitable for occasions with high precision requirements. According to the ball circulation method in the nut, it can be divided into external circulation, internal circulation, and end cap type. Let's first talk about the bottom cover type. This is an early structure, but its drawbacks are quite obvious. It has been basically eliminated and is rarely used, so I will briefly mention it here. We won't talk about the specific structure of the inner and outer loop nuts, after all, we don't need to make screws, we just need to know the differences between the two and their respective advantages and disadvantages.

　　滚珠丝杆的几种安装方式

　　Several installation methods of ball screw

　　一般的安装方式，就是以上的四种，大家可以根据自己的使用工况，选择丝杆的安装方式，而不同的安装方式，丝杆两端也是不同的。滚珠丝杆的主要参数

　　The general installation methods are the four types mentioned above. You can choose the installation method of the screw rod according to your own operating conditions, and the two ends of the screw rod are also different for different installation methods. Main parameters of ball screw

　　说到滚珠丝杆的选型，需要先来说一下它的常用参数，然后才能从这些参数下手，确定它的型号。1.公称直径即丝杠的外径，常见规格有12、14、16、20、25、32、40、50、63、80、100、120，不过请注意，这些规格中，各厂家一般只备16~50的货，也就是说，其他直径大部分都是期货（见单生产，货期大约在30~60天，日系产品大约是2~2.5个月，欧美产品大约是3~4个月）。公称直径和负载基本成正比，直径越大的负载越大，具体数值可以查阅厂家产品样本。这里只说明两个概念：动额定负荷与静额定负荷，前者指运动状态下的额定轴向负载，后者是指静止状态下的额定轴向负载。设计时参考前者即可。需要注意的是，额定负荷并非负荷，实际负荷与额定负荷的比值越小，丝杠的理论寿命越高。：直径尽量选16~63。2.导程导程指的是丝杆旋转一周，螺母直线运动的距离。常见的导程有（单位：mm）：2、4、5、6、8、10、16、20、25、32、40，跟导程有关系的参数是螺母运动速度和滚珠丝杆可提供的直线推力。

　　When it comes to the selection of ball screw, it is necessary to first talk about its common parameters, and then start from these parameters to determine its model. 1. The nominal diameter refers to the outer diameter of the lead screw. Common specifications include 12, 14, 16, 20, 25, 32, 40, 50, 63, 80, 100, and 120. However, please note that among these specifications, manufacturers generally only stock goods with a size of 16-50. This means that most other diameters are futures (produced on a per order basis with a lead time of approximately 30-60 days, Japanese products with a lead time of approximately 2-2.5 months, and European and American products with a lead time of approximately 3-4 months). The nominal diameter is basically proportional to the load, and the larger the diameter, the greater the load. Specific values can be found in the manufacturer's product samples. Here, only two concepts are explained: dynamic rated load and static rated load. The former refers to the rated axial load in motion, while the latter refers to the rated axial load in static state. You can refer to the former when designing. It should be noted that the rated load is not the maximum load, and the smaller the ratio of actual load to rated load, the higher the theoretical life of the screw. Recommendation: Choose a diameter of 16~63 as much as possible. 2. Lead refers to the distance that the screw rotates once and the nut moves in a straight line. The common lead values (in mm) are 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 16, 20, 25, 32, and 40. The parameters related to the lead values are the speed of the nut movement and the linear thrust that the ball screw can provide.

　　导程越大，相同转速情况下，直线运动速度越快，具体的计算关系为：v=ri。其中v——螺母的移动速度（单位：mm/s）；r——丝杆的旋转速度（单位：r/s）；i——导程（单位：mm）。导程和丝杆推力的关系：F=（2πTn）/i。其中F——丝杆推力（单位：N）；T——电机提供的扭矩（单位N·m）；n——传动效率（滚珠丝杆的传动效率一般为85%~95%）；i——导程（这里的单位是m）。3.长度

　　The larger the lead, the faster the linear motion speed under the same rotational speed. The specific calculation relationship is: v=ri. Among them, v - the moving speed of the nut (unit: mm/s); R - Rotation speed of the screw (unit: r/s); I - Lead (unit: mm). The relationship between lead and screw thrust: F=(2 π Tn)/i. Among them, F - screw thrust (unit: N); T - torque provided by the motor (unit: N · m); N - Transmission efficiency (the transmission efficiency of ball screw is generally 85%~95%); I - lead (unit here is m). 3. Length

　　长度有两个概念，一个是全长，另一个是螺纹长度。有些厂家只计算全长，但有些厂家需要提供螺纹长度。螺纹长度中也有两个部分，一个是螺纹全长，一个是有效行程。前者是指螺纹部分的总长度，后者是指螺母直线移动的理论长度，螺纹长度=有效行程+螺母长度+设计裕量（如果需要安装防护罩，还要考虑防护罩压缩后的长度，一般按防护罩长度的1／8计算）。

　　There are two concepts of length, one is the total length, and the other is the thread length. Some manufacturers only calculate the total length, while others require the thread length to be provided. There are also two parts in the thread length, one is the total length of the thread and the other is the effective stroke. The former refers to the total length of the threaded part, while the latter refers to the theoretical maximum length of the nut's linear movement. Thread length=effective stroke+nut length+design margin (if a protective cover needs to be installed, the length of the protective cover after compression should also be considered, generally calculated as 1/8 of the maximum length of the protective cover).

　　在设计绘图时，丝杠的全长大致可以按照一下参数累加：丝杠全长=有效行程+螺母长度+设计余量+两端支撑长度（轴承宽度+锁紧螺母宽度+裕量）+动力输入连接长度（如果使用联轴器则大致是联轴器长度的一半+裕量）。特别需要注意的是，如果你的长度超长（大于3米）或长径比很大（大于70），事先咨询厂家销售人员可否生产，总体的情况是，国内厂家常规品长度3米，特殊品16米，国外厂家常规品6米，特殊品22米。当然不是说国内厂家就不能生产更长的，只是定制品的比较离谱。：长度尽量选6米以下，超过的用齿轮齿条更划算了。

　　When designing drawings, the total length of the screw can be roughly accumulated according to the following parameters: screw total length=effective stroke+nut length+design allowance+support length at both ends (bearing width+locking nut width+allowance)+power input connection length (if a coupling is used, it is roughly half of the coupling length+allowance). It is particularly important to note that if your length is too long (greater than 3 meters) or the aspect ratio is large (greater than 70), it is best to consult with the manufacturer's sales personnel in advance to see if they can produce it. The overall situation is that the maximum length for regular products from domestic manufacturers is 3 meters, for special products it is 16 meters, for regular products from foreign manufacturers it is 6 meters, and for special products it is 22 meters. Of course, it's not that domestic manufacturers can't produce longer ones, it's just that the prices of customized products are quite outrageous. Recommendation: Choose a length of less than 6 meters as much as possible, and for lengths exceeding this, it is more cost-effective to use gears and racks.

　　4.螺母形式

　　4. Nut form

　　各厂家的产品样本上都会有很多种螺母形式，一般型号中的前几个字母即表示螺母形式。按法兰形式分大约有圆法兰、单切边法兰、双切边法兰和无法兰几种。按螺母长度分有单螺母和双螺母（注意，单螺母和双螺母没有负载和刚性差异，这一点不要听从厂家销售人员的演说，单螺母和双螺母的主要差异是后者可以调整预压而前者不能，另外后者的和长度大致均是前者的2倍）。在安装尺寸和性能允许的情况下，设计者在选用时应尽量选择常规形式，以避免维护时备件的货期问题。：频繁动作、高精度维持场合选双螺母，其他场合选双且边单螺母。：螺母形式尽量选内循环双切边法兰单螺母。

　　There are many types of nut forms on the product samples of various manufacturers, and the first few letters in the general model indicate the nut form. According to the form of flanges, there are approximately several types: circular flanges, single cut edge flanges, double cut edge flanges, and non flange flanges. According to the length of the nut, there are single nuts and double nuts (note that there is no difference in load and rigidity between single nuts and double nuts, do not listen to the manufacturer's salesperson's speech on this point. The main difference between single nuts and double nuts is that the latter can adjust the preload while the former cannot, and the price and length of the latter are roughly twice that of the former). When the installation size and performance allow, designers should try to choose conventional forms as much as possible to avoid the problem of spare parts delivery time during maintenance. Recommendation: Choose double nuts for frequent movements and high-precision maintenance occasions, and double and single nuts with edges for other occasions. Recommendation: For nut types, try to choose inner circulation double cut flange single nuts.

　　5.精度

　　5. Accuracy

　　滚珠丝杆，按国内分类，精度等级有P1、P2、P3、P4、P5、P7、P10，日本、韩国，还有台湾省采用JIS等级，即C0、C1、C2、C3、C5、C7、C10；欧洲的标准采用的是IT0，IT1， IT2，IT3，IT4，IT5，IT7，IT10。一般，像我们公司采购的都是台湾的滚珠丝杆，性价比比较高，再其次是日本的。精度表示方法为：不论你的滚珠丝杆有多长，任取一段300mm，误差都在等级代表的精度之内，各等级代表的精度如下。一般来说，普通机械采用C7，C10级，数控设备一般采用C5，C3级（C5较多，国内大部分数控机床都是C5级），航空制造设备，精密投影及三坐标测量设备等一般采用C3，C2精度。另外，C7，C10级一般采用轧制方法制造，C5级及以上采用研磨方法制造。综上所述，非标设计常用的滚珠丝杆精度等级为C7（）轧制方法制造或有些人称为转造），而对滚珠丝杆精度等级有更高的要求的，C5（研磨方法制造）也够用了。当然还是要说一句要具体问题具体分析。

　　Ball screw rod, classified domestically, has precision grades of P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, P7, P10. Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, China Province of China use JIS grades, namely C0, C1, C2, C3, C5, C7, C10; The standards adopted by European countries are IT0, IT1, IT2, IT3, IT4, IT5, IT7, and IT10. Generally, our company purchases ball screws from Taiwan, which have a relatively high cost performance ratio, followed by those from Japan. The accuracy representation method is: no matter how long your ball screw is, any 300mm section will have an error within the accuracy represented by the grade. The accuracy represented by each grade is as follows. Generally speaking, ordinary machinery adopts C7 and C10 levels, while CNC equipment generally adopts C5 and C3 levels (C5 is more common, and most domestic CNC machine tools are C5 level). Aviation manufacturing equipment, precision projection and coordinate measuring equipment generally adopt C3 and C2 accuracy. In addition, C7 and C10 grades are generally manufactured using rolling methods, while C5 grades and above are manufactured using grinding methods. In summary, the commonly used precision level for non-standard designs of ball screws is C7 (manufactured by rolling method or some people refer to it as conversion), while C5 (manufactured by grinding method) is also sufficient for those with higher requirements for the precision level of ball screws. Of course, it is necessary to analyze the specific issues on a case by case basis.

　　6.预压等级也叫预紧，关于预压，我们不用了解具体的预紧力和预紧方式，只需要按照厂家样本选择预压等级就可以了。预压等级越高，螺母与螺杆配合越紧；反之，等级越低越松。遵循的原则是： 大直径、双螺母、高精度、驱动力矩较大，当丝杆的应用出现以上的情况时，预压等级可以选高一点，反之选低一点。选型

　　6. Preloading grade, also known as preload, does not require specific preload force and preload method. We only need to select the preload grade according to the manufacturer's sample. The higher the preloading level, the tighter the nut and screw fit; On the contrary, the lower the level, the looser it is. The principles followed are: large diameter, double nuts, high precision, and large driving torque. When the above situations occur in the application of the screw, the preloading level can be selected higher, otherwise it can be selected lower. selection

　　了解了以上丝杆主要的参数后，咱们就可以根据自己的要求进行选型了。

　　After understanding the main parameters of the screw rod mentioned above, we can select the type according to our own requirements.

　　步：根据上面“滚珠丝杆的分类”中提到的各种丝杆的应用场景，确定适用自己工况的丝杆种类；同时也可以确定丝杆的精度等级（一般为C7）和预压等级；

　　Step 1: Determine the type of screw that is suitable for your working conditions based on the application scenarios of various screw types mentioned in the "Classification of Ball Screw" section above; At the same time, the accuracy level (usually C7) and preloading level of the screw can also be determined;

　　第二步：根据负载的大小，确定滚珠丝杆的轴径；

　　Step 2: Determine the shaft diameter of the ball screw based on the size of the load;

　　第三步：根据负载需要的移动速度，确定导程；确定导程后，再根据推力和导程的关系式，确定驱动电机要提供的转矩。具体如下：物体上下垂直运动，重量为60Kg，需要的移动速度为1m/s。

　　Step 3: Determine the lead based on the required movement speed of the load; After determining the lead, determine the torque to be provided by the drive motor based on the relationship between thrust and lead. Specifically, the object moves vertically up and down, weighing 60Kg, and requires a moving speed of 1m/s.

　　1）假如你选取了伺服电机为驱动，额定转速为3000r/min=50r/s，根据公式：v=ri，确定导程为20；

　　1) If you choose a servo motor as the drive and the rated speed is 3000r/min=50r/s, according to the formula: v=ri, determine the lead to be 20;

　　2）然后再计算负载的大小：假设伺服电机的加减速时间设置为0.3s，那么加速度为3.3m/s?，负载F=600+60*3.3=798N（摩擦力这里忽略）；

　　2) Then calculate the size of the load: assuming the acceleration and deceleration time of the servo motor is set to 0.3s, then the acceleration is 3.3m/s? Load F=600+60 * 3.3=798N (friction force is ignored here);

　　3）根据公式：F=（2πTn）/i，n取90%，计算得T≈2.82N·m，查询1kW伺服电机是额定扭矩为3.18N·m，符合要求。以上，就基本确定了滚珠丝杆的型号，，再根据自己所需要使用到的行程，还有上面说到的丝杆安装方式，确定丝杆的长度就可以了。

　　3) According to the formula: F=(2 π Tn)/i, n is taken as 90%, and T ≈ 2.82N · m. The rated torque of the 1kW servo motor is 3.18N · m, which meets the requirements. Above, the model of the ball screw has been basically determined. Finally, based on the required stroke and the installation method of the screw mentioned above, the length of the screw can be determined.

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