丝杠作为精密传动系统的核心部件，其使用寿命直接关系到设备运行的稳定性与精度保持能力。丝杠寿命的衰减是多重因素耦合作用的结果，需从材料科学、力学设计、环境适应性及维护策略等维度进行系统性分析。

　　As the core component of precision transmission systems, the service life of screw is directly related to the stability and accuracy maintenance ability of equipment operation. The decay of screw life is the result of the coupling effect of multiple factors, which requires systematic analysis from the dimensions of materials science, mechanical design, environmental adaptability, and maintenance strategies.

　　材料性能与热处理工艺是决定丝杠寿命的基础要素。合金钢或不锈钢是丝杠杆的常用材质，其化学成分需平衡硬度与韧性。例如，通过淬火+回火工艺可使钢材表面形成致密马氏体组织，硬度可达HRC58-62，同时心部保持良好韧性。滚珠与滚道材料则需兼顾耐磨性与尺寸稳定性，陶瓷球或高碳铬轴承钢的应用可显著降低摩擦系数。材料缺陷如非金属夹杂物、显微裂纹会成为疲劳裂纹源，因此需通过超声波探伤等手段进行质量控制。

　　The material properties and heat treatment process are the fundamental factors determining the lifespan of the screw. High quality alloy steel or stainless steel is a commonly used material for wire levers, and its chemical composition needs to balance hardness and toughness. For example, the quenching and tempering process can form a dense martensitic structure on the surface of steel, with a hardness of HRC58-62, while maintaining good toughness in the core. Ball and raceway materials need to balance wear resistance and dimensional stability, and the application of ceramic balls or high carbon chromium bearing steel can significantly reduce the friction coefficient. Material defects such as non-metallic inclusions and microcracks can become fatigue crack sources, so quality control measures such as ultrasonic testing are required.

　　接触应力与疲劳损伤是丝杠失效的核心机制。在循环载荷作用下，滚珠与滚道接触区域产生赫兹接触应力，当应力幅值超过材料疲劳极限时，将引发微裂纹萌生与扩展。采用GCr15轴承钢的丝杠副，其接触疲劳寿命可通过Lundberg-Palmgren理论预测，寿命指数与材料硬度、残余应力及润滑状态密切相关。过大的轴向载荷会导致接触椭圆区扩大，加速表面下裂纹的形成，而径向载荷则可能引发丝杠弯曲变形，造成边缘接触应力集中。

　　Contact stress and fatigue damage are the core mechanisms of screw failure. Under cyclic loading, Hertz contact stress is generated in the contact area between the ball and the raceway. When the stress amplitude exceeds the material fatigue limit, microcracks will initiate and propagate. The contact fatigue life of the screw pair using GCr15 bearing steel can be predicted by Lundberg Palmgren theory, and the life index is closely related to the material hardness, residual stress, and lubrication state. Excessive axial load can cause the expansion of the contact ellipse area, accelerating the formation of subsurface cracks, while radial load may cause bending deformation of the lead screw, resulting in edge contact stress concentration.

　　润滑状态与摩擦学设计对寿命延长具有杠杆效应。理想润滑膜厚度需在埃林汉姆线附近，既避免边界摩擦又防止黏性阻力过大。合成润滑油中添加MoS?或PTFE纳米颗粒可形成转移膜，降低摩擦系数。在高速重载工况下，油气润滑系统能实现精准供油，避免润滑剂搅拌发热。润滑失效会导致金属直接接触，摩擦功耗激增，温度每升高10℃，润滑脂基础油氧化速率加倍，加速润滑失效。

　　The lubrication state and frictional design have a lever effect on extending the service life. The ideal thickness of the lubricating film should be near the Elingham line to avoid boundary friction and excessive viscous resistance. Adding MoS to synthetic lubricating oil? Or PTFE nanoparticles can form a transfer film, reducing the friction coefficient. Under high-speed and heavy load conditions, the oil air lubrication system can achieve precise oil supply and avoid lubricant stirring and heating. Lubrication failure can lead to direct contact between metals, resulting in a significant increase in frictional power consumption. For every 10 ℃ increase in temperature, the oxidation rate of the lubricating grease base oil doubles, accelerating lubrication failure.

　　安装精度与预紧力控制是工程应用中的关键变量。丝杠安装的同轴度误差需控制在0.02mm/m以内，角度偏差超过5'会导致滚珠循环路径偏移，引发异常磨损。预紧力设置需兼顾轴向刚度与寿命，双螺母垫片式预紧结构中，预紧力通常取额定动载荷的8%-12%。过大的预紧力会使接触应力提升40%以上，显著缩短疲劳寿命，而预紧力不足则导致反向间隙超差，引发振动噪声。

　　Installation accuracy and preload control are key variables in engineering applications. The coaxiality error of the screw installation should be controlled within 0.02mm/m, and an angle deviation exceeding 5 'will cause the ball circulation path to deviate, leading to abnormal wear. The setting of preload force should take into account both axial stiffness and service life. In the double nut washer preload structure, the preload force is usually taken as 8% -12% of the rated dynamic load. Excessive pre tightening force can increase contact stress by more than 40%, significantly reducing fatigue life, while insufficient pre tightening force can lead to excessive reverse clearance and vibration noise.

　　环境侵蚀与防护技术对户外应用场景关重要。在沿海环境中，氯离子渗透会导致滚道表面产生点蚀坑，防护涂层如Ni-P化学镀层可提供有效屏障。高温环境会使润滑脂黏度下降，需选用合成烃基础油并配置冷却系统。微粒污染会加剧三体磨损，防护等级需达到IP65以上，采用双唇密封圈与迷宫式防护罩组合设计，可将粉尘侵入量降低。

　　Environmental erosion and protection technologies are crucial for outdoor application scenarios. In coastal environments, chloride ion infiltration can cause pitting on the surface of the raceway, and protective coatings such as Ni-P chemical coatings can provide effective barriers. High temperature environment can cause a decrease in the viscosity of lubricating grease, so synthetic hydrocarbon base oil should be selected and a cooling system should be configured. Particle pollution can exacerbate three body wear, and the protection level needs to reach IP65 or above. The combination design of double lip sealing rings and labyrinth protective covers can reduce the amount of dust intrusion.

　　动态特性与振动抑制是高端装备的特殊要求。丝杠系统的固有频率需避开设备工作频段，避免共振导致的动态应力放大。通过有限元分析优化丝杠支承跨距，可使一阶弯曲模态频率提升。采用变导程设计可分散振动能量，降低噪声辐射。在数控机床应用中，丝杠轴向刚度需与伺服系统匹配，刚度不足会导致跟随误差增大，加速导轨副磨损。

　　Dynamic characteristics and vibration suppression are special requirements for high-end equipment. The natural frequency of the screw system should avoid the operating frequency band of the equipment to prevent dynamic stress amplification caused by resonance. By optimizing the support span of the screw through finite element analysis, the frequency of the first-order bending mode can be increased. The use of variable lead design can disperse vibration energy and reduce noise radiation. In the application of CNC machine tools, the axial stiffness of the screw needs to be matched with the servo system. Insufficient stiffness can lead to increased tracking error and accelerated wear of the guide rail pair.

　　丝杠寿命管理需贯穿设计、制造、使用全周期。通过材料基因工程优化合金成分，应用增材制造实现梯度材料结构，结合物联网技术实施状态监测，可构建预测性维护体系。在智能制造时代，丝杠寿命研究正从经验驱动向数据驱动转型，为高端装备可靠性提升提供关键支撑。

　　The management of screw life needs to run through the entire design, manufacturing, and usage cycle. By optimizing alloy composition through material genetic engineering, applying additive manufacturing to achieve gradient material structure, and combining with IoT technology to implement state monitoring, a predictive maintenance system can be constructed. In the era of intelligent manufacturing, the research on screw life is transitioning from experience driven to data-driven, providing key support for improving the reliability of high-end equipment.

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