丝杠是一种将旋转运动转化为直线运动的传动部件，按照摩擦特性可以分为滑动丝杠、滚动丝杠和静压丝杠三类，它在工业母机、汽车、人形机器人等诸多高精尖领域均有重要作用，掌握着核心“传动命脉”。

　　Screw is a transmission component that converts rotational motion into linear motion. According to its friction characteristics, it can be divided into three categories: sliding screw, rolling screw, and static pressure screw. It plays an important role in many high-precision fields such as industrial mother machines, automobiles, and humanoid robots, and holds the core "transmission lifeline".

　　作为性能优越的传动部件，丝杠一方面，受益于工业母机自主可控背景，滚珠丝杠国产替代加速；另一方面，更受益于AI快速迭代背景下，人形机器人市场爆发，其躯干线性执行器、灵巧手执行器均对丝杠有较高要求。远期来看，人形机器人带来的市场空间相比工业母机丝杠市场将是几何级的放大。伴随以上产业趋势，我们今天着重对丝杠行业进行分析梳理。，我们将对丝杠行业的整体行业概况、市场发展情况、加工工艺及市场壁垒进行基础梳理，以帮助大家从基础层面对现阶段丝杠行业情况有相应了解。其次，在解决这些问题的同时，我们还将对丝杠的产业链情况、相关公司布局情况进行梳理。另外，也会将视角进一步延申后续发展层面，对丝杠行业产业发展中，所涉及到的产业机遇及市场空间进行分析，以帮助大家客观、具体地了解相关问题。

　　As a high-performance transmission component, the screw benefits from the independently controllable background of the industrial mother machine, and the domestically produced ball screw replaces the acceleration; On the other hand, benefiting more from the rapid iteration of AI, the market for humanoid robots has exploded, with high requirements for lead screws for their torso linear actuators and dexterous hand actuators. In the long run, the market space brought by humanoid robots will be geometrically magnified compared to the industrial mother machine screw market. Along with the above industry trends, today we will focus on analyzing and sorting out the screw industry. Firstly, we will conduct a basic review of the overall industry overview, market development, processing technology, and market barriers of the screw industry, in order to help everyone have a corresponding understanding of the current situation of the screw industry from a basic level. Secondly, while addressing these issues, we will also sort out the industry chain situation of the screw and the layout of related companies. In addition, the perspective will be further extended to the subsequent development level, analyzing the industry opportunities and market space involved in the development of the screw industry, in order to help everyone objectively and specifically understand relevant issues.

　　01行业概况

　　01 Industry Overview

　　1、丝杠是将旋转运动转化为直线运动的部件，具备多种分类方式

　　1. Screw is a component that converts rotational motion into linear motion and has multiple classification methods

　　丝杠是一种将旋转运动转化为直线运动的传动部件。丝杠是一种将电机端旋转运动转化为直线运动的机械部件，广泛应用于具有直线运动功能的机器设备中。电机通过联轴器带动丝杠轴转动，丝杠轴上的螺母在螺旋形螺纹的驱动下实现直线往复运动，从而将电机的旋转力矩转化为设备运动所需要的直线方向的驱动力。与各种驱动方式相比，“滚珠/柱丝杠+旋转电机”的组合在定位精度、推力、速度等方面具备稳定性能，应用广泛。根据摩擦特性和加工方式，丝杠有多种分类。根据摩擦特性可以分为3种：即滑动（梯形）丝杠、滚动丝杠和静压丝杠，滚动丝杠又分为滚珠丝杠和滚柱丝杠。其中，梯形丝杠中无滚动体，靠滑动摩擦传递推力，传动效率较低；滚珠和滚柱丝杠具有钢球或螺杆型的滚动体，靠滚动摩擦传递推力，传动效率较高；静压丝杠为液体摩擦，适合于需要较高的进给推力以及具有频繁振动负载的场合。根据加工方式，丝杠加工方法可以分为有屑加工(切削成形)和无屑加工(塑性加工)这两种。有屑加工是指利用切削成形加工丝杠，主要包括磨削、车削、旋风铣削等；无屑加工是指利用金属塑性成型加工丝杠，主要包括冷挤压和冷轧。工业母机多采用滚珠丝杠，承载冲击更强的滚柱丝杠在人形机器人领域有望得到大规模应用。滚珠丝杠被广泛用作精密定位机构的部件，主要用于机床、机器人、工厂自动化设备、半导体设备、工业机械、医疗设备等。人形机器人使用场景要求高承载、耐冲击等性能，行星滚柱丝杠有更大的接触面积、更大的直线速度、更小的振动和噪音，适合人形机器人的使用场景。

　　A screw is a transmission component that converts rotational motion into linear motion. Screw is a mechanical component that converts the rotational motion of the motor end into linear motion, and is widely used in machines and equipment with linear motion functions. The motor drives the screw shaft to rotate through the coupling, and the nut on the screw shaft achieves linear reciprocating motion under the drive of the spiral thread, thereby converting the rotational torque of the motor into the linear driving force required for equipment movement. Compared with various driving methods, the combination of "ball/screw+rotary motor" has stable performance in positioning accuracy, thrust, speed, etc., and is widely used. According to the friction characteristics and processing methods, there are various classifications of lead screws. According to the friction characteristics, it can be divided into three types: sliding (trapezoidal) screw, rolling screw, and static pressure screw. Rolling screw is further divided into ball screw and roller screw. Among them, the trapezoidal screw has no rolling elements and relies on sliding friction to transmit thrust, resulting in lower transmission efficiency; Ball and roller screws have rolling elements of steel ball or screw type, which transmit thrust through rolling friction and have high transmission efficiency; Static pressure screw is liquid friction, suitable for situations that require high feed thrust and frequent vibration loads. According to the processing method, screw machining can be divided into two types: chip machining (cutting forming) and chip free machining (plastic machining). Chip machining refers to the use of cutting and forming to process lead screws, mainly including grinding, turning, whirlwind milling, etc; Chip free machining refers to the use of metal plastic forming to process lead screws, mainly including cold extrusion and cold rolling. Industrial mother machines often use ball screws, and roller screws with stronger impact bearing capacity are expected to be widely used in the field of humanoid robots. Ball screws are widely used as components of precision positioning mechanisms, mainly in machine tools, robots, factory automation equipment, semiconductor equipment, industrial machinery, medical equipment, etc. The usage scenarios of humanoid robots require high load-bearing and impact resistance performance. Planetary roller screws have a larger contact area, higher linear velocity, smaller vibration and noise, making them suitable for the usage scenarios of humanoid robots.

　　2、梯形丝杠技术水平成熟，但精度较低

　　2. The trapezoidal screw technology is mature, but the accuracy is relatively low

　　梯形丝杠制造工艺较为简单，技术水平成熟，但产品精度及效率较低。其运动原理是利用螺旋副的转动运动，使螺旋副上的螺纹旋转，来实现线性运动。梯形丝杆上的螺纹与螺旋副上的螺纹咬合，当螺旋副旋转时，梯形丝杆就会沿着轴向运动，产生线性位移。梯形丝杠的加工工艺原本主要采用车削加工，工艺路线为:冷拔→滚花→车螺纹→校正→钻孔→切断→倒角，整体技术简单，工艺路线成熟，但效率较低、成本较高，且由于材料刚度低，车削、滚花时易变形，小号螺轮无法生产。目前多使用旋风铣削工艺代替车削工艺，将铣丝、滚花一次性完成，工艺路线变为冷拔→滚花、铣丝→校正→钻孔→切断→倒角，改进后减少了由切削力引起的振动，表面粗糙度也减小了。

　　The manufacturing process of trapezoidal screw is relatively simple and the technical level is mature, but the product accuracy and efficiency are relatively low. The principle of its motion is to use the rotational motion of the helical pair to rotate the threads on the helical pair, thereby achieving linear motion. The threads on the trapezoidal screw engage with the threads on the screw pair. When the screw pair rotates, the trapezoidal screw will move along the axial direction, resulting in linear displacement. The machining process of trapezoidal lead screws originally mainly used turning, with a process route of cold drawing → embossing → threading → correction → drilling → cutting → chamfering. The overall technology is simple and the process route is mature, but the efficiency is low and the cost is high. Moreover, due to the low material stiffness, it is easy to deform during turning and embossing, and small-sized screws cannot be produced. At present, cyclone milling technology is widely used instead of turning technology, which completes milling and rolling in one go. The process route has been changed to cold drawing → rolling and milling → calibration → drilling → cutting → chamfering. After improvement, the vibration caused by cutting force has been reduced, and the surface roughness has also been reduced.

　　3、滚珠丝杠传动效率高，技术壁垒仍待突破

　　3. Ball screw transmission has high efficiency, but technical barriers still need to be overcome

　　滚珠丝杠是滚动运动，传动效率高、精度高。滚珠丝杠由丝杆、螺母、滚珠、回珠器主要部件构成。当丝杠旋转时，滚珠在丝杆和螺母之间滚动，实现力的传递和直线运动。回珠器一般分为内循环式和外循环，内循环滚珠丝杠尺寸一般来说小于外循环滚珠丝杠，适合于空间比较紧凑的场景；同时其需要反向器固定相对来说比较牢靠、刚性好且不易损坏。而外循环滚珠丝杠适用于需要扛冲能力大、高负载丝杠的使用场景。滚珠丝杠工艺分为研磨与轧制，已国产化，但高精度产品技术仍待提升。滚珠丝杠加工核心在于滚道制作，螺母的螺纹采用研磨技术，而丝杆可采用研磨和轧制两种工艺。轧制是采用冷加工工艺模具制造，自动化程度高，适合大批量生产，成本低，但精度偏低一般为C7级以上；而研磨工序长，从热处理、粗加工（车削）、到精磨（磨削），效率低，但精度高，一般为C7级以下，可达到C0级。

　　Ball screw is a rolling motion with high transmission efficiency and precision. The ball screw is composed of the main components of the screw, nut, ball, and ball return device. When the screw rotates, the ball rolls between the screw and the nut, achieving force transmission and linear motion. Ball turnouts are generally divided into internal circulation and external circulation types. The size of the internal circulation ball screw is generally smaller than that of the external circulation ball screw, making it suitable for scenarios with relatively compact space; At the same time, it requires a relatively reliable, rigid, and not easily damaged reverser for fixation. External circulation ball screws are suitable for use in scenarios that require high impact capacity and high load screws. The ball screw process is divided into grinding and rolling, which have been localized, but the high-precision product technology still needs to be improved. The core of ball screw machining lies in the production of the raceway, and the thread of the nut adopts grinding technology, while the screw can use two processes: grinding and rolling. Rolling is a process of manufacturing molds using cold processing technology, with a high degree of automation and suitable for large-scale production. It has low cost, but the accuracy is generally above C7 level; The grinding process is long, from heat treatment, rough machining (turning), to fine grinding (grinding), with low efficiency but high accuracy, generally below C7 level, and can reach C0 level.

　　4、行星滚柱丝杠应用于高精度、高承载领域

　　4. Planetary roller screw applied in high-precision and high load bearing fields

　　行星滚柱丝杠具有螺纹传动和滚动螺旋传动的综合特征。其滚动体是含有螺纹的多个滚柱体，螺母或丝杠旋转运动通过滚柱的行星运动转换为直线运动。行星滚柱丝杠传动中特有的滚柱结构，使得滚柱与螺母(或滚柱与丝杠)之间无相对轴向位移，滚柱能够在丝杠和螺母形成的封闭空间内反复循环运动，依靠滚动/滑动摩擦实现运动和动力的传递。根据不同的结构设计，滚柱丝杠分为标准式、反向式、循环式、差动式、轴承环式。标准式行星滚柱丝杠主要应用于精密机床、机器人、军工装备等领域，是目前应用广泛的类型；反向式行星滚柱丝杠多应用于航空、航天、船舶、电力等领域；循环式行星滚柱丝杠主要应用于要求高刚度、高承载、高精度的场合，如医疗器械、光学精密仪器等领域；差动式行星滚柱丝杠适用于传动比较大，承载能力较高的应用场合；轴承环式行星滚柱丝杠主要适用于高承载、率等场合，如石油化工、重型机械等领域。

　　The planetary roller screw has a comprehensive feature of thread transmission and rolling screw transmission. Its rolling elements are multiple roller bodies with threads, and the rotational motion of the nut or screw is converted into linear motion through the planetary motion of the rollers. The unique roller structure in planetary roller screw transmission ensures that there is no relative axial displacement between the roller and the nut (or roller and screw), and the roller can repeatedly circulate in the enclosed space formed by the screw and nut, relying on rolling/sliding friction to achieve motion and power transmission. According to different structural designs, roller screws are divided into standard, reverse, cyclic, differential, and bearing ring types. The standard planetary roller screw is mainly used in precision machine tools, robots, military equipment and other fields, and is currently the most widely used type; Reverse planetary roller screw is widely used in aviation, aerospace, shipbuilding, power and other fields; The cyclic planetary roller screw is mainly used in applications that require high stiffness, high load-bearing capacity, and high precision, such as medical devices, optical precision instruments, and other fields; Differential planetary roller screw is suitable for applications with large transmission ratios and high load-bearing capacity; The bearing ring planetary roller screw is mainly suitable for high load capacity, high efficiency and other applications, such as petrochemicals, heavy machinery and other fields.

　　5、丝杠作为线性传动部件，历史悠久，新行业新应用经久不衰

　　5. As a linear transmission component, the screw has a long history and has been used in new industries and applications for a long time

　　滚珠丝杠于1961年应用于机床。丝杠历史悠久，起初被用于葡萄和橄榄的压榨机，结构类似于滑动丝杠；19世纪50年代满足特定标准的滑动丝杠类型ACME丝杠出现。滚珠丝杠于1874年发明，由于制造难度过高未能形成系统的设计理论和制造工艺流程；1940年，通用公司将滚珠丝杠成品应用在汽车转向机构上，标志着滚珠丝杠研究进入产业化阶段；1961年，NSK公司将精密滚珠丝杠应用于机床并有效提高了机床加工精度。20世纪90年代后期，滚珠丝杠向精密和高速方向发展，其市场需求进一步提高。2009年后，我国启动相关课题，国内南京工艺、汉江机床等厂家研发出滚珠丝杠产品。2020年以来，出台诸多高端制造行业相关政策，有望拓展滚珠丝杠应用范围以及加速国产替代。国内对行星滚柱丝杠的研究仍处起步阶段，人形机器人有望带动其需求极大释放。滚柱丝杠方面，1942年循环式行星滚柱丝杠发明，1954年标准式和反向式行星滚柱丝杠发明，1968年差动式行星滚柱丝杠发明，1986年轴承环式行星滚柱丝杠发明，此行星滚柱丝杠的所有类型都已经出现。1970年瑞士的Rollvis公司开始研制行星滚柱丝杠，瑞典的SKF公司在同一时期研制出行星滚柱丝杠，美国和德国的公司也陆续研制出行星滚柱丝杠产品并将其运用到机电作动器中。2022年特斯拉宣布进军人形机器人，从其后续公布的原型机来看，有望打开滚柱丝杠的增长空间。在此之前，国内对行星滚柱丝杠的研究处在起步阶段，一些公司正参与相关的研制工作，对行星滚柱丝杠进行了试制和少量的生产，例如山东的博特精工、南京的优励聂夫公司、北京精密机电控制设备研究所等，但产品性能与国外存在差距，主要体现在效率、承载能力和精度上。在此之后，明显更多企业投入到滚柱丝杠的研发与生产中来，比如恒立液压、五洲新春、贝斯特、新剑传动等。2022年，特斯拉机器人线性执行关节带动反向行星滚柱signage需求，2024年以来，灵巧手带动微型丝杠需求，人形机器人百花齐放。

　　Ball screws were first applied to machine tools in 1961. Screw has a long history and was initially used in grape and olive presses, with a structure similar to a sliding screw; In the 1850s, the sliding screw type ACME screw that met specific standards emerged. Ball screw was invented in 1874, but due to its high manufacturing difficulty, it was unable to form a systematic design theory and manufacturing process; In 1940, General Motors first applied ball screw products to automotive steering mechanisms, marking the industrialization stage of ball screw research; In 1961, NSK company first applied precision ball screws to machine tools and effectively improved the machining accuracy of machine tools. In the late 1990s, ball screws developed towards precision and high speed, and their market demand further increased. After 2009, China initiated relevant projects and domestic manufacturers such as Nanjing Craft and Hanjiang Machine Tool developed ball screw products. Since 2020, the country has introduced many policies related to high-end manufacturing industries, which are expected to expand the application scope of ball screws and accelerate domestic substitution. The research on planetary roller screws in China is still in its infancy, and humanoid robots are expected to greatly stimulate its demand. In terms of roller screws, the cyclic planetary roller screw was invented in 1942, the standard and reverse planetary roller screws were invented in 1954, the differential planetary roller screw was invented in 1968, and the bearing ring planetary roller screw was invented in 1986. By then, all types of planetary roller screws had emerged. In 1970, Rollvis company in Switzerland began developing planetary roller screws, SKF company in Sweden developed planetary roller screws during the same period, and companies in the United States and Germany also developed planetary roller screw products and applied them to electromechanical actuators. In 2022, Tesla announced its entry into humanoid robots, and based on its subsequent release of prototypes, it is expected to open up growth opportunities for roller screws. Prior to this, research on planetary roller screws in China was still in its early stages, and some companies were participating in related development work, conducting trial production and small-scale production of planetary roller screws, such as Bote Precision in Shandong, Yuliniev in Nanjing, and Beijing Institute of Precision Mechanical and Electrical Control Equipment. However, there were gaps in product performance compared to foreign countries, mainly reflected in efficiency, load-bearing capacity, and accuracy. Afterwards, more companies have clearly invested in the research and production of roller screws, such as Hengli Hydraulic, Wuzhou Xinchun, Best, Xinjian Transmission, etc. In 2022, Tesla robots will have a linear execution joint to drive the reverse planetary roller signal demand. Since 2024, there has been a demand for dexterous hands to drive micro screws, and a variety of humanoid robots have emerged.

　　02市场现状

　　02 Market Status

　　1、产业正处于需求爆发、国产替代加速与技术突破的三重驱动交汇点

　　1. The industry is at the intersection of triple drivers of demand explosion, accelerated domestic substitution, and technological breakthroughs

　　呈现“爆发性增量+结构性升级+政策强驱动”的三重共振。，人形机器人作为全新增量引擎，正处于从0到1的产业化临界点，丝杠作为核心传动部件占其价值量的19%，单台需求达34-44个，随着特斯拉、FigureAI等厂商量产计划推进，预计2030年全球行星滚柱丝杠市场规模将达124.9亿元，2029年增量空间即达112亿元。其次，工业母机领域受政策强力支撑，《首台(套)重大技术装备推广应用指导目录(2024年版)》《工业母机产业高质量发展行动计划》等政策明确推动中高端数控机床自主可控，直接拉动丝杠刚需市场扩容。此外，汽车行业存量升级显著，线控底盘技术普及带动丝杠需求，预计2030年汽车丝杠市场空间达260亿元，叠加新能源汽车拓展应用场景，形成稳定增长极。

　　Presenting a triple resonance of "explosive growth+structural upgrading+strong policy driving". Firstly, as a new incremental engine, humanoid robots are at the critical point of industrialization from 0 to 1. The screw, as the core transmission component, accounts for 19% of its value, with a single unit demand of 34-44. With the promotion of mass production plans by manufacturers such as Tesla and FigureAI, it is expected that the global planetary roller screw market size will reach 12.49 billion yuan by 2030, and the incremental space will reach 11.2 billion yuan by 2029. Secondly, the industrial mother machine field is strongly supported by policies such as the "Guidance Catalogue for the Promotion and Application of the First (Set) Major Technical Equipment (2024 Edition)" and the "Action Plan for High Quality Development of the Industrial Mother Machine Industry", which clearly promote the independent and controllable development of mid to high end CNC machine tools and directly drive the expansion of the screw bar demand market. In addition, there has been a significant upgrade in the stock of the automotive industry, and the popularization of wire controlled chassis technology has driven the demand for lead screws. It is expected that the market space for Chinese automotive lead screws will reach 26 billion yuan by 2030, combined with the expansion of application scenarios for new energy vehicles, forming a stable growth pole.

　　2、国产化体系持续完善，相关领域不断突破

　　2. The localization system continues to improve, and breakthroughs are constantly being made in related fields

　　国内企业在高端丝杠领域的进展呈现出两大阵营：领军企业在自主研发与产业升级中稳步前行，而设备商则在关键加工设备和检测仪器领域不断突破，形成了较为完整的国产化体系。以恒立液压、五洲新春和贝斯特为代表，这些企业在自主研发、工艺改进和市场拓展等方面均展现出较强的竞争力。恒立液压在传动系统核心部件的量产能力上具有明显优势，其在自主研发高精度滚柱丝杠和滚珠丝杠方面取得了一系列关键突破，为国内高端数控机床和机器人装备提供了核心零部件支持。同时，五洲新春则在行星滚柱丝杠的研发和生产上取得了突破性进展，凭借独到的设计理念和的加工工艺，在高负载、高动态响应等关键指标上实现了与国际水平的接轨，成为国内市场中不可忽视的重要力量；贝斯特作为技术型企业，致力于高精度产品的研发，其在高端丝杠领域不断强化产品的耐磨性和稳定性，为高端装备市场提供了具有竞争力的样品和量产产品。这些企业在技术自主化和产品升级方面的不断突破，是推动国内高端丝杠实现国产替代、降低进口依赖的关键所在。

　　The progress of domestic enterprises in the high-end screw field presents two major camps: leading enterprises are steadily advancing in independent research and development and industrial upgrading, while equipment manufacturers are constantly breaking through in key processing equipment and testing instruments, forming a relatively complete localization system. Represented by Hengli Hydraulic, Wuzhou Xinchun, and Best, these enterprises have demonstrated strong competitiveness in independent research and development, process improvement, and market expansion. Hengli Hydraulic has obvious advantages in the mass production capability of core components in transmission systems. It has made a series of key breakthroughs in independently developing high-precision roller screws and ball screws, providing core component support for high-end CNC machine tools and robot equipment in China. At the same time, Wuzhou New Year has made breakthrough progress in the research and production of planetary roller screws. With unique design concepts and advanced processing technology, it has achieved convergence with international advanced levels in key indicators such as high load and high dynamic response, becoming an important force that cannot be ignored in the domestic market; As a technology-based enterprise, Best is committed to the research and development of high-precision products. It continuously strengthens the wear resistance and stability of its products in the high-end screw field, providing competitive samples and mass-produced products for the high-end equipment market. The continuous breakthroughs of these enterprises in technological self-reliance and product upgrading are the key to promoting the domestic substitution of high-end screws and reducing import dependence.

　　设备商作为国产高端丝杠产业链的重要环节，在关键设备和检测仪器领域的突破对整体产业竞争力提升具有重要意义。国内设备商如无锡科之鑫（双林股份控股公司）、华辰装备和日发精机近年来在关键加工设备的研发和制造上取得了积极进展。无锡科之鑫利用自主研发技术和设备改造，已在高精度螺纹磨床和旋风铣床领域实现部分国产替代，其在设备稳定性和自动化水平上不断提升，为企业降本增效提供了有力支撑。华辰装备则在螺纹磨床领域具备一定规模，其产品不仅在国内市场逐步占据优势，而且通过不断优化工艺和提升检测能力，正努力缩小与国际水平之间的差距；日发精机专注于自动化产线和高端加工设备的研发，其产品在率、低能耗和精准加工方面表现突出，为国内高端丝杠的批量化生产和质量稳定性提供了技术保障。这些设备商在推动国产高端设备自主研发方面正发挥着举足轻重的作用，只有通过不断提升设备技术含量和自动化控制水平，才能真正打破国际技术壁垒，实现从进口依赖向自主创新的历史性跨越。

　　As an important link in the domestic high-end screw industry chain, equipment manufacturers' breakthroughs in key equipment and testing instruments are of great significance for enhancing the overall competitiveness of the industry. Domestic equipment manufacturers such as Wuxi Kezhixin (Shuanglin Holdings), Huachen Equipment, and Rifa Precision Machinery have made positive progress in the research and manufacturing of key processing equipment in recent years. Wuxi Kezhixin has achieved partial domestic substitution in the fields of high-precision thread grinding machines and cyclone milling machines through independent research and development technology and equipment transformation. Its equipment stability and automation level continue to improve, providing strong support for enterprises to reduce costs and increase efficiency. Huachen Equipment has a certain scale in the field of thread grinding machines. Its products not only gradually occupy an advantage in the domestic market, but also strive to narrow the gap with the international advanced level by continuously optimizing processes and improving detection capabilities; Rifa Precision Machinery focuses on the research and development of automated production lines and high-end processing equipment. Its products excel in high efficiency, low energy consumption, and precise machining, providing technical support for the mass production and quality stability of high-end screw rods in China. These equipment manufacturers are playing a crucial role in promoting independent research and development of domestically produced high-end equipment. Only by continuously improving the technological content and automation control level of equipment can we truly break through international technological barriers and achieve a historic leap from import dependence to independent innovation.

　　3、丝杠赋能人形机器人发展，国内外企业丝杠项目稳步推进

　　3. Screw empowers the development of humanoid robots, and screw projects of domestic and foreign enterprises are steadily advancing

　　精密传动技术核心演进，人形机器人领域丝杠应用显著增强。在人形机器人技术问世之前，丝杠装置主要担当机械臂系统中的线性驱动元件，负责执行分拣作业、物料搬运、精密组装以及电子元器件的贴片操作，其应用范围广泛覆盖3C产业、仓储物流管理系统以及医疗设备等多个关键领域。随着人形机器人的发展，丝杠凭借其的性能，已成为构建精密机械传动体系不可或缺的核心组件，特别是在人形机器人的关节构造与驱动系统中，丝杠被大量应用于要求极高精度与重载能力的场景，引起行业内广泛而高度的重视。国内丝杠企业加速技术升级与产能扩展。

　　The core evolution of precision transmission technology has significantly enhanced the application of screw in the field of humanoid robots. Before the emergence of humanoid robot technology, the screw device mainly served as a linear driving element in the robotic arm system, responsible for performing sorting operations, material handling, precision assembly, and electronic component placement operations. Its application scope covers a wide range of key fields such as the 3C industry, warehousing and logistics management systems, and medical equipment. With the development of humanoid robots, the screw has become an indispensable core component in building precision mechanical transmission systems due to its excellent performance. Especially in the joint construction and drive system of humanoid robots, the screw is widely used in scenarios that require extremely high precision and heavy load capacity, which has attracted widespread and high attention in the industry. Domestic screw enterprises are accelerating technological upgrades and capacity expansion.

　　近年来，国内丝杠企业积极布局滚珠/滚柱丝杠产业，逐步推动技术升级与产能扩展，进军高端制造、机器人及新能源汽车领域。其中，五洲新春的滚珠丝杠产品已实现部分量产，有望将成为新的利润增长点；贝斯特的高精度滚珠/滚柱丝杠副首台套成功下线，部分产品正处于验证环节；双林股份在车用滚珠丝杠和人形机器人用行星滚柱丝杠项目上稳步推进，试制产线已建设落成；长盛轴承于2022年发布定增计划，拟投2.65亿元扩张自润滑轴承和滚珠丝杠产能，其中包括布局丝杠新赛道的3万套滚珠丝杠；恒立液压于2021年投资15亿元布局线性驱动器项目，规划达成年产10.4万根行星滚柱丝杠电动缸和10万米滚珠丝杠的目标，现已迈入送样及小批量供货阶段。随着行业整体技术水平的提升，国内企业在国际市场中的竞争力将进一步增强。

　　In recent years, domestic screw enterprises have actively laid out the ball/roller screw industry, gradually promoting technological upgrades and capacity expansion, and entering the fields of high-end manufacturing, robotics, and new energy vehicles. Among them, the ball screw products of Wuzhou New Year have achieved partial mass production and are expected to become a new profit growth point; Best's high-precision ball/roller screw pair first set has been successfully produced, and some products are currently in the verification stage; Shuanglin Co., Ltd. is steadily advancing in the projects of ball screws for vehicles and planetary roller screws for humanoid robots, and the trial production line has been completed; Changsheng Bearing announced a private placement plan in 2022, intending to invest 265 million yuan to expand the production capacity of self-lubricating bearings and ball screws, including 30000 sets of ball screws for the layout of a new screw track; Hengli Hydraulic invested 1.5 billion yuan in 2021 to layout a linear drive project, aiming to achieve an annual output of 104000 planetary roller screw electric cylinders and 100000 meters of ball screws. It has now entered the stage of sample delivery and small-scale supply. With the overall improvement of the industry's technological level, the competitiveness of domestic enterprises in the international market will be further enhanced.

　　舍弗勒助力特斯拉Optimus，丝杠技术创新智能制造新篇章。舍弗勒作为特斯拉信赖的丝杠供应商，在Optimus的成功制造中发挥重要作用。舍弗勒在新能源汽车、机器人技术和高端制造业持续深化技术创新与产业布局，深度聚焦于滚珠丝杠、滚柱丝杠以及行星滚柱丝杠的研发，其战略布局旨在满足市场对高精度、高承载能力和紧凑设计的迫切需求。目前，此类高性能传动元件已被广泛应用于新能源汽车的转向助力系统、制动系统，以及工业机器人和高端机床等多个关键领域之中。舍弗勒已顺利完成部分滚珠丝杠产品的试制与性能测试，试制生产线建成。同时，行星滚柱丝杠产品的样品亦已进入严格的验证阶段，为未来大规模量产奠定基础。此外，舍弗勒依托提供的在线计算工具和的数字化解决方案，进一步提升丝杠产品的研发效率与应用效能。上述战略举措充分彰显舍弗勒在全球丝杠市场中的技术优势与系统化能力，为智能制造和新能源领域的快速发展提供强劲动力。

　　Schaeffler supports Tesla Optimus with innovative screw technology leading a new chapter in intelligent manufacturing. Schaeffler, as a trusted screw supplier for Tesla, plays an important role in the successful manufacturing of Optimus. Schaeffler continues to deepen technological innovation and industrial layout in new energy vehicles, robotics technology, and high-end manufacturing, with a deep focus on the research and development of ball screws, roller screws, and planetary roller screws. Its strategic layout aims to meet the urgent market demand for high precision, high load-bearing capacity, and compact design. At present, such high-performance transmission components have been widely used in key fields such as steering assist systems, braking systems, industrial robots, and high-end machine tools in new energy vehicles. Schaeffler has successfully completed the trial production and performance testing of some ball screw products, and the trial production line has been fully established. At the same time, the samples of planetary roller screw products have also entered a strict validation stage, laying the foundation for future large-scale production. In addition, Schaeffler relies on providing advanced online computing tools and comprehensive digital solutions to further enhance the research and application efficiency of screw products. The above strategic measures fully demonstrate Schaeffler's technological advantages and systematic capabilities in the global screw market, providing strong impetus for the rapid development of intelligent manufacturing and new energy fields.

　　03加工工艺

　　03 Processing Technology

　　1、丝杠加工有磨削、旋风铣、轧制等多种方式

　　1. Screw machining can be done in various ways such as grinding, whirlwind milling, rolling, etc

　　螺纹加工有CNC磨削、旋风铣、轧制等多种方式。“螺纹”是滚珠丝杠传动装置中的核心机械要素，它对实现产品的功能（动力转换功能、定位功能、速度功能、同步功能等）产生关键性作用，因此，螺纹制造技术和装备始终是滚珠丝杠副制造企业关注的焦点。纵观半个世纪全球滚珠丝杠制造技术的发展可以看出：在全球绿色浪潮的助推下，丝杠螺纹制造从采用“白钢刀挑扣”到高速硬车削，从螺纹磨削扩展到高速旋风铣削（软、硬），从切削加工向无屑精密滚轧成形制造，从低档、低速、低精度向高档、高速、高精度发展，、低耗、绿色已成为螺纹制造技术发展的主旋律。

　　There are various methods for thread machining, such as CNC grinding, whirlwind milling, and rolling. Thread "is the core mechanical element in ball screw transmission devices, which plays a crucial role in achieving product functions such as power conversion, positioning, speed, synchronization, etc. Therefore, thread manufacturing technology and equipment have always been the focus of attention for professional ball screw manufacturing enterprises. Looking back at the development of global ball screw manufacturing technology over the past half century, it can be seen that with the help of the global green and environmental protection wave, screw thread manufacturing has evolved from using "white steel knife threading" to high-speed hard turning, from thread grinding to high-speed whirlwind milling (soft and hard), from cutting processing to chip free precision rolling forming manufacturing, and from low-end, low-speed, and low precision to high-end, high-speed, and high-precision development. Efficiency, low consumption, and green have become the main themes of thread manufacturing technology development.

　　2、技术方案不断升级提效，磨削始终为不可缺少的关键环节

　　2. Technological solutions are constantly upgrading and improving efficiency, and grinding remains an indispensable key link

　　丝杠螺纹的加工可以通过磨削、硬车削、轧制、旋风铣削等工艺实现，不同工艺优缺点显著：砂轮磨削：传统的螺纹加工选择，加工精度较高，工艺灵活，可以加工异形丝杠，缺点是效率较低；硬车削：生产效率较磨削明显提升，同时避免因削热导致丝杠硬度降低，但精度仅满足中端要求；轧制：加工效率，但精度较低，过去多应用于低精度丝杠生产；旋风铣：兼具生产效率高和精度高的优点，但是存在成本较高、无法加工异性丝杠等限制，渗透率有较大提升空间。考虑到降本诉求&量产效率，以磨削为主的传统加工方式因耗时费力已不再适用。从现有的技术方案来看，丝杠生产商均考虑通过分解工序，同时组合不同工艺来实现提效：工序分解提高生产效率：精密高端丝杠加工流程繁琐，传统磨削工艺中螺纹磨削时间占整个工艺流程的2/3，根据《精密滚珠丝杠机械加工工艺规程研究》，磨制滚珠丝杠加工工艺周期达到30-45天。丝杠厂商已探索出成熟的流程分工，可划分为前道（粗加工）、中道（半精加工）以及后道（精磨）三个步骤，为实现规模化生产打下基础。以车代磨、以铣代磨、轧辊等新方案进一步减少磨削量：前道的车/铣技术成熟，并没有太多新选择；难的内螺纹以及后期精磨需求也不可替代，因此改进主要来自于中道的工艺和设备升级，目前已有以车代磨、以铣代磨、轧辊等方案，核心目的都是进一步减少精磨的磨削量，保证高精度的同时提率。但磨削作为高精度螺纹加工的主要工艺，始终是不可缺少的关键环节：磨削工艺具体是指利用高速旋转的成型砂轮对加工工件表面进行高速切削，主要分为粗磨、稳定和精磨三个阶段，精度可达P1级，是高精度丝杠螺纹的主要加工工艺。尽管新技术方案可以减少磨削量，但在特定场景以及精磨需求下，例如滚道的外圆和内壁（车/铣的加工特性决定无法实现）、螺母的内螺纹、滚柱齿轮圈等极高的精度要求，磨削始终是不可缺少的一环，特别对于高端丝杠加工。

　　The machining of screw threads can be achieved through processes such as grinding, hard turning, rolling, and whirlwind milling. The advantages and disadvantages of different processes are significant: grinding wheel grinding: a traditional thread machining choice with high machining accuracy and flexible technology, can process irregular shaped screws, but the disadvantage is low efficiency; Hard turning: The production efficiency is significantly improved compared to grinding, while avoiding a decrease in the hardness of the screw due to cutting heat, but the accuracy only meets the mid-range requirements; Rolling: The highest processing efficiency, but the accuracy is relatively low, and it was mostly used in the production of low precision lead screws in the past; Whirlwind milling: It has the advantages of high production efficiency and high precision, but there are limitations such as high cost and inability to process anisotropic lead screws, which provide significant room for improvement in penetration rate. Considering the demand for cost reduction and mass production efficiency, the traditional machining method mainly based on grinding is no longer applicable due to its time-consuming and labor-intensive nature. From the existing technical solutions, screw manufacturers consider decomposing processes and combining different processes to achieve efficiency improvement. Process decomposition improves production efficiency. The precision high-end screw processing process is cumbersome, and thread grinding time accounts for 2/3 of the entire process in traditional grinding technology. According to the "Research on Precision Ball Screw Mechanical Processing Process Regulations", the grinding process cycle of ball screw processing can reach 30-45 days. Screw manufacturers have explored mature process division of labor, which can be divided into three steps: rough machining, semi precision machining, and fine grinding, laying the foundation for achieving large-scale production. New solutions such as using cars instead of grinding, milling instead of grinding, and rolling mills further reduce the amount of grinding: the previous car/milling technology is mature and there are not many new options; The most difficult internal threads and the need for later precision grinding are also irreplaceable, so the improvement mainly comes from the upgrading of the process and equipment in the middle road. Currently, there are solutions such as using turning instead of grinding, milling instead of grinding, and rolling mills, with the core goal of further reducing the amount of precision grinding, ensuring high precision while improving efficiency. However, as the main process for high-precision thread machining, grinding has always been an indispensable key link: grinding technology specifically refers to the use of high-speed rotating forming grinding wheels to perform high-speed cutting on the surface of the workpiece, which is mainly divided into three stages: rough grinding, stable grinding, and fine grinding. The highest precision can reach P1 level, and it is the main processing technology for high-precision screw threads. Although new technological solutions can reduce the amount of grinding, in specific scenarios and precision grinding requirements, such as the outer and inner walls of the raceway (which cannot be achieved due to the machining characteristics of turning/milling), the internal threads of nuts, roller gear rings, and other extremely high precision requirements, grinding is always an indispensable part, especially for high-end screw machining.

　　3、旋风铣兼具效率＆精度，渗透率有望加速提升“旋风铣”精度高&加工效率快，未来渗透率有望提升。螺纹旋风铣削是用安装在刀盘上的多把成形刀具，借助于刀盘旋转中心与工件中心的偏移量ｅ来构成渐进式的高速切削。减少切削产生的热量：旋风硬铣削无需使用切削液实现干切削，产生的切削热传入切屑并迅速排出；加工精度较高：进行渐进式的切向断续切削方式，切削深度小，导程精度可达P3；加工效率大幅提升：旋风铣工艺的加工效率约是磨削3-5倍，具有更好的金属去除率。简单来说，旋风铣工艺直接可以将螺纹滚道直接铣削出来，此时丝杠精度已基本满足C4-C5。并且与传统切削相比，旋风铣刀具使用寿命提高70%。

　　3. Whirlwind milling combines efficiency and accuracy, and the penetration rate is expected to accelerate. "Whirlwind milling" has high precision and fast processing efficiency, and the penetration rate is expected to increase in the future. Spiral whirlwind milling is a progressive high-speed cutting process that uses multiple forming tools installed on the cutter head, and utilizes the offset e between the rotation center of the cutter head and the center of the workpiece. Reduce the heat generated by cutting: Whirlwind hard milling does not require the use of cutting fluid to achieve dry cutting, and the cutting heat generated is transmitted to the chips and quickly discharged; High machining accuracy: using a progressive tangential intermittent cutting method, the cutting depth is small, and the lead accuracy can reach P3; greatly improving machining efficiency: the machining efficiency of cyclone milling technology is about 3-5 times that of grinding, with better metal removal rate. Simply put, the whirlwind milling process can directly mill the threaded raceway, and at this point, the accuracy of the screw has basically met C4-C5. And compared with traditional cutting, the service life of cyclone milling tools is increased by 70%.

　　4、轧制加工速度快，但精度偏低

　　4. The rolling processing speed is fast, but the accuracy is low

　　冷轧工艺加工速度快，精度偏低。丝杠冷滚压工艺是上世纪六七十年代开始兴起的金属成形工艺新技术，是一种的无切屑加工，能有效地提高工件的内在和表面质量，加工时产生的径向压应力，不仅能使工件获得高硬度和高光洁度的表面，同时能显著提高工件的疲劳强度极限和扭转强度，并且有较高的生产效率，是一种、、低耗的理想工艺；缺点在于精度偏低，难以进入C5级别。

　　Cold rolling process has fast processing speed but low accuracy. The screw cold rolling process is a new metal forming technology that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s. It is an advanced chip free machining method that can effectively improve the internal and surface quality of workpieces. The radial compressive stress generated during machining not only enables workpieces to obtain high hardness and smoothness on the surface, but also significantly improves the fatigue strength limit and torsional strength of workpieces, and has high production efficiency. It is an ideal process that is efficient, energy-saving, and low consumption; The disadvantage is that the accuracy is low, making it difficult to enter the C5 level.

　　滚柱冷滚压（冷轧）工序较为简单。在滚柱成形过程中，工件自由放置在支承上，利用重力约束于两滚压轮之间，加工过程中，各项参数完全一致的两滚压轮同向旋转，并利用同步带带动螺母丝杠机构实现径向进给运动，依靠摩擦力提供摩擦力矩带动工件旋转，并逐步压入，形成终齿形。

　　The roller cold rolling (cold rolling) process is relatively simple. In the process of roller forming, the workpiece is freely placed on the support and constrained by gravity between the two rolling wheels. During the machining process, the two rolling wheels with completely identical parameters rotate in the same direction, and the synchronous belt drives the nut screw mechanism to achieve radial feed motion. The workpiece is rotated and gradually pressed into the final tooth shape by providing friction torque through friction force.

　　冷轧滚珠丝杠具备多重优点：使用寿命较长、机械化精度和强度高。冷轧技术本身就要求高质量的材料，高精度的工艺，冷轧滚珠丝杆也不例外。这就保证了丝杠原始的精度和质量。经过机械冷轧后，滚道面的硬度、密度、内部组织结构得到强化，之后进行热处理，使整个滚轮丝杠的稳定性更强。这样的制作的工艺延长了滚珠丝杠的使用寿命，也能够提高其质量和精度。提高了资源利用率。传统的研磨技术在制作中，或多或少都会造成钢材资源的浪费。而冷轧滚珠丝杠因其采用的是冷加工工艺，故而能够保证轧制过程中钢材的完整性。对环境污染较少。冷轧技术在使用的过程中，基本上不会对周围的环境造成重大污染，同时也不会产生大量废物。生产效率高。研磨滚珠丝杠由于工序繁琐，所以生产效率极低，生产周期较长，这些都严重影响企业的销售和订单量。相反，冷压技术不但工序较为合理，生产周期大，而且能够根据客户不同的需求，制造不同型号的产品。Rexroth采用轧制工艺，技术全球。

　　Cold rolled ball screws have multiple advantages: long service life, high mechanical precision, and high strength. Cold rolling technology itself requires high-quality materials and high-precision processes, and cold-rolled ball screws are no exception. This ensures the original accuracy and quality of the screw. After mechanical cold rolling, the hardness, density, and internal structure of the raceway surface are strengthened, and then heat treatment is carried out to enhance the stability of the entire roller screw. This manufacturing process extends the service life of ball screws and can also improve their quality and accuracy. Improved resource utilization efficiency. Traditional grinding techniques often result in wastage of steel resources to varying degrees during production. The cold-rolled ball screw, due to its use of cold processing technology, can ensure the integrity of the steel during the rolling process. Less environmental pollution. Cold rolling technology does not cause significant pollution to the surrounding environment and does not generate a large amount of waste during use. High production efficiency. Grinding ball screws has extremely low production efficiency and long production cycles due to the tedious process, which seriously affects the sales and order volume of enterprises. On the contrary, cold pressing technology not only has a more reasonable process and a longer production cycle, but also can manufacture different models of products according to different customer needs. Rexroth adopts rolling technology, which is globally leading.

　　04市场壁垒

　　04 Market barriers

　　1、材料及热处理需要深刻Knowhow积淀

　　1. Materials and heat treatment require a deep understanding of how to accumulate knowledge

　　材料与热处理构成了丝杠产品性能和可靠性的核心技术壁垒之一，材料选取、工艺流程和热处理工艺上的不断突破，为丝杠产品实现高精度、高耐磨性和长寿命提供了坚实保障。在高端传动系统中，丝杠作为实现旋转运动向直线运动转换的关键部件，其性能在很大程度上取决于材料质量和后续热处理工艺。优选的高强度材料与严苛的热处理工艺，不仅决定了丝杠在高负载、高速运转中的稳定性和耐久性，同时也直接影响到其传动效率和加工精度。行业内普遍采用GCr15高碳铬轴承钢作为滚珠丝杠的主要材料，在行星滚柱丝杠的制造中更多应用50CrMo4合金钢，这两种材料均具有良好的机械性能和抗磨损特性，能够在高速、高负载工况下保持稳定的传动状态。

　　Materials and heat treatment constitute one of the core technical barriers to the performance and reliability of screw products. Continuous breakthroughs in material selection, process flow, and heat treatment technology provide solid guarantees for screw products to achieve high precision, high wear resistance, and long service life. In high-end transmission systems, the screw serves as a key component for converting rotational motion to linear motion, and its performance largely depends on material quality and subsequent heat treatment processes. The selected high-strength materials and rigorous heat treatment process not only determine the stability and durability of the screw under high load and high-speed operation, but also directly affect its transmission efficiency and machining accuracy. GCr15 high carbon chromium bearing steel is widely used as the main material for ball screws in the industry, and 50CrMo4 alloy steel is more commonly used in the manufacturing of planetary roller screws. Both materials have good mechanical properties and wear resistance, and can maintain a stable transmission state under high-speed and high load conditions.

　　滚珠丝杠常采用GCr15高碳铬轴承钢作为原材料。滚珠丝杠在工作时承受复杂的交变载荷、交变应力的作用，易产生弯曲扭转组合变形，因此滚珠丝杠的滚道、轴颈必须具备高精度、高强度、高刚度、强耐磨性等良好的工程力学性能。滚珠丝杠通常采用GCr15高碳铬轴承钢作为材料，其在淬火加低温回火后具备硬度高、组织均匀、耐磨性强、解除疲劳强度高等优点，但同时也有塑性一般、切削性能中等、焊接性能差、回火脆性等缺点，因此需要在磨削滚珠丝杠粗加工前进行预先热处理，通过球化退火把GCr15材料中的碳化物球化，得到在铁素体基体上均匀分布的球状或颗粒状碳化物组织，降低材料组织硬度，提高材料塑性机能，改善材料金属切削机加工性能。

　　Ball screws often use GCr15 high carbon chromium bearing steel as raw material. Ball screws are subjected to complex alternating loads and stresses during operation, and are prone to bending, twisting, and combined deformation. Therefore, the raceway and journal of ball screws must have good engineering mechanical properties such as high precision, high strength, high stiffness, and strong wear resistance. Ball screws usually use GCr15 high carbon chromium bearing steel as the material. After quenching and low-temperature tempering, it has the advantages of high hardness, uniform structure, strong wear resistance, and high fatigue strength. However, it also has disadvantages such as general plasticity, moderate cutting performance, poor welding performance, and tempering brittleness. Therefore, it is necessary to perform pre heat treatment before rough machining of ball screws. Through spheroidization annealing, the carbides in GCr15 material are spheroidized to obtain spherical or granular carbide structure uniformly distributed on the ferrite matrix, reducing the hardness of the material structure, improving the plasticity function of the material, and improving the metal cutting machine processing performance of the material.

　　行星滚柱丝杠的丝杠/螺母与滚柱分别选取合金结构钢50CrMo4/GCr15高碳铬轴承钢作为原材料。在行星滚柱丝杠的运行过程中，丝杠螺母滚柱的螺纹滚道会受到连续、周期、频繁的振动及摩擦，导致丝杠工件由于工作温度升高而出现滚道磨损、热变形等失效形式，因此需要选取硬度高、耐磨性强、承载力强及温度适应性良好的材料，还需要考虑材料的切削性能及经济性。根据《航天精密传动机构行星滚柱丝杠的设计与研究》，丝杠常选用合金结构钢50CrMo4，其强度和淬透性比35CrMo更好，调质后有较高的疲劳极限和抗多次冲击能力，低温冲击韧性良好，高温情况下仍有高蠕变强度和持久强度；螺母和滚柱选取GCr15高碳铬轴承钢，其综合性能良好，淬火和回火后具有高而均匀的硬度、良好的耐磨性和高的接触疲劳寿命，热加工变形性能和切削加工性能均较好。南京工艺行星滚柱丝杠副在淬火后的硬度可达HRC58以上，主要应用于伺服电动缸。

　　The screw/nut and roller of the planetary roller screw are made of alloy structural steel 50CrMo4/GCr15 high carbon chromium bearing steel as raw materials. During the operation of the planetary roller screw, the threaded raceway of the screw nut roller will be subjected to continuous, periodic, and frequent vibration and friction, resulting in failure forms such as raceway wear and thermal deformation of the screw workpiece due to the increase in working temperature. Therefore, it is necessary to select materials with high hardness, strong wear resistance, strong bearing capacity, and good temperature adaptability, and also consider the cutting performance and economy of the materials. According to the "Design and Research of Planetary Roller Screw for Aerospace Precision Transmission Mechanism", alloy structural steel 50CrMo4 is commonly used for the screw, which has better strength and hardenability than 35CrMo. After quenching and tempering, it has a higher fatigue limit and multiple impact resistance. It has good low-temperature impact toughness and still has high creep strength and endurance strength under high temperature conditions; The nut and roller are made of GCr15 high carbon chromium bearing steel, which has good comprehensive performance. After quenching and tempering, it has high and uniform hardness, good wear resistance, and high contact fatigue life. Its hot working deformation performance and cutting performance are both good. The hardness of the planetary roller screw pair produced by Nanjing Craft can reach HRC58 or above after quenching, and it is mainly used in servo electric cylinders.

　　此外，随着制造技术的不断进步，各企业在材料优化方面也不断探索新型合金和复合材料的应用，旨在进一步提高丝杠的整体性能。通过引入新型高强度材料，不仅能提升丝杠的耐磨性和抗冲击能力，还能在一定程度上降低因材料老化和疲劳引起的性能衰减，从而延长产品使用寿命，为高端设备的长期稳定运行提供更为可靠的保障。

　　In addition, with the continuous advancement of manufacturing technology, various enterprises are also exploring the application of new alloys and composite materials in material optimization, aiming to further improve the overall performance of the screw. By introducing new high-strength materials, not only can the wear resistance and impact resistance of the screw be improved, but also the performance degradation caused by material aging and fatigue can be reduced to a certain extent, thereby extending the service life of the product and providing more reliable guarantee for the long-term stable operation of high-end equipment.

　　热处理对丝杠成品零件的制造质量、精度具有较大影响，需要深刻Knowhow积淀，在制造高端丝杠产品过程中占据着举足轻重的地位。热处理主要分为预备热处理与终热处理。预备热处理的作用是改善丝杠切削性能、残余应力、为终热处理做准备，而终热处理的作用是提高螺纹表面硬度及耐磨性。根据《循环式行星滚柱丝杠副的设计》，热处理后的GCr15高碳铬轴承钢的屈服强度提升3-5倍，硬度提升2-3倍，机械强度及刚度显著提升。

　　Heat treatment has a significant impact on the manufacturing quality and accuracy of finished screw parts, requiring a deep understanding and accumulation of knowledge. It plays a crucial role in the production of high-end screw products. Heat treatment is mainly divided into preliminary heat treatment and final heat treatment. The function of preliminary heat treatment is to improve the cutting performance of the screw, eliminate residual stress, and prepare for final heat treatment, while the function of final heat treatment is to improve the surface hardness and wear resistance of the thread. According to the design of the cyclic planetary roller screw pair, the yield strength of GCr15 high carbon chromium bearing steel after heat treatment is increased by 3-5 times, the hardness is increased by 2-3 times, and the mechanical strength and stiffness are significantly improved.

　　热处理工艺需要深刻Knowhow积淀，国内厂商近年来已取得一定进步，但在工艺参数选择等方面仍与海外有一定差距，导致丝杠的精度及可靠性落后于海外。热处理工艺作为实现丝杠产品高性能的重要环节，其核心在于通过精密热处理流程材料内部应力、提高表面硬度并确保产品尺寸稳定。传统的热处理方法如感应淬火和深冷处理，已被广泛应用于滚珠丝杠和行星滚柱丝杠的生产中。

　　The heat treatment process requires a deep understanding of how to accumulate knowledge. Domestic manufacturers have made certain progress in recent years, but there is still a certain gap with overseas in terms of process parameter selection, resulting in the accuracy and reliability of the screw lagging behind overseas. The heat treatment process, as an important part of achieving high performance of screw products, lies in eliminating internal stress of materials, improving surface hardness, and ensuring product dimensional stability through precision heat treatment processes. Traditional heat treatment methods such as induction hardening and cryogenic treatment have been widely used in the production of ball screws and planetary roller screws.

　　在感应淬火工艺方面，其主要作用在于对丝杠工作表面进行快速加热和淬火，使表面硬度达到HRC58-63，从而提高传动系统在高负载条件下的耐磨性和抗疲劳性能。高精度传动部件在加工过程中对热处理工艺的要求严格，必须在保证高硬度的同时，防止因热应力不均导致的变形和尺寸误差。据《精密滚珠丝杠表面感应加热淬火工艺研究》，目前日本THK、NSK和台湾PMI等公司目选用滚珠丝材料并且掌握的热处理控制技术，其加工制造的重载、精密滚珠丝杠副处于水平，滚珠丝杠副的运行速度可达200米/分，并且具有很高的精度保持性。近几年,国内企业通过引进国外的淬火机床设备和进行丝杠感应火工艺的改进，使滚珠丝杠的制造水平有了显著提升。但是，国内现有产品的性能指标主要是满足中低端数控机床的应用。

　　In terms of induction hardening technology, its main function is to quickly heat and quench the working surface of the screw, so that the surface hardness reaches HRC58-63, thereby improving the wear resistance and fatigue resistance of the transmission system under high load conditions. High precision transmission components require strict heat treatment processes during the machining process, which must ensure high hardness while preventing deformation and dimensional errors caused by uneven thermal stress. According to the research on surface induction heating quenching process of precision ball screws, companies such as THK, NSK in Japan, and PMI in Taiwan currently use high-quality ball screw materials and master advanced heat treatment control technology. Their heavy-duty and precision ball screw pairs are at the international leading level, with a running speed of up to 200 meters per minute and high precision retention. In recent years, domestic enterprises have significantly improved the manufacturing level of ball screws by introducing advanced quenching machine equipment from abroad and improving the screw induction fire process. However, the performance indicators of existing domestic products mainly meet the application of mid to low end CNC machine tools.

　　此外，深冷处理作为一种新兴的热处理技术，正逐步在高端丝杠产品中得到应用。深冷处理可以在低温环境下对材料进行进一步的结构调控，从而提高材料的稳定性和耐磨性，防止因长期高负载运行而产生的微观结构变化。据相关论文，深冷处理不仅能够延长丝杠的使用寿命，还能在一定程度上提高传动系统的动态响应能力，为高端应用提供更为坚实的技术保障。材料与热处理工艺的协同也是丝杠实现突破性进展的重要动力。高性能丝杠产品的制造不仅依赖于材料和热处理工艺的单独作用，更在于两者的有机结合。通过优化材料成分和冶炼工艺，再结合精密的热处理流程，能够显著提升产品的整体性能。例如，GCr15材料经过球化退火后，其内部微结构更加均匀，为感应淬火提供了优良的前提条件，使得终产品在表面硬度和耐磨性上都达到极高标准。同时，对于行星滚柱丝杠而言，50CrMo4合金钢与深冷处理的协同应用，不仅提升了产品的抗疲劳性，还改善了在高速运动中的稳定性和传动效率。

　　In addition, cryogenic treatment, as an emerging heat treatment technology, is gradually being applied in high-end screw products. Cryogenic treatment can further regulate the structure of materials in low-temperature environments, thereby improving their stability and wear resistance, and preventing microstructural changes caused by long-term high load operation. According to relevant papers, cryogenic treatment can not only extend the service life of the screw, but also improve the dynamic response capability of the transmission system to a certain extent, providing more solid technical support for high-end applications. The synergy between materials and heat treatment processes is also an important driving force for breakthrough progress in screw production. The manufacturing of high-performance screw products not only relies on the separate effects of high-quality materials and advanced heat treatment processes, but also on the organic combination of the two. By optimizing material composition and smelting process, combined with precise heat treatment process, the overall performance of the product can be significantly improved. For example, after spheroidization annealing, the internal microstructure of GCr15 material becomes more uniform, providing excellent prerequisites for induction hardening, resulting in the final product reaching extremely high standards in surface hardness and wear resistance. Meanwhile, for planetary roller screws, the synergistic application of 50CrMo4 alloy steel and cryogenic treatment not only enhances the product's fatigue resistance, but also improves its stability and transmission efficiency during high-speed motion.

　　材料与热处理工艺的整合是实现丝杠高性能的关键所在，这也是企业在高端丝杠产品国际竞争中保持技术的重要原因。长期以来，我国高端丝杠市场主要依赖进口产品，其核心技术和工艺参数与国际水平相比仍有较大差距。目前国内高端产品在材料均匀性、表面质量以及尺寸精度方面已经取得显著进步，但在热处理稳定性和耐久性方面仍需不断改进。通过引进深冷处理等新工艺，部分企业已成功将产品寿命延长，且在高负载、高动态条件下的性能表现得到了有效保障。

　　The integration of materials and heat treatment processes is the key to achieving high performance of lead screws, and it is also an important reason for enterprises to maintain technological leadership in international competition for high-end lead screw products. For a long time, China's high-end screw market has mainly relied on imported products, and its core technology and process parameters still have a significant gap compared to the international advanced level. At present, domestic high-end products have made significant progress in material uniformity, surface quality, and dimensional accuracy, but there is still a need for continuous improvement in heat treatment stability and durability. By introducing new processes such as cryogenic treatment, some companies have successfully extended the lifespan of their products and effectively ensured their performance under high load and high dynamic conditions.

　　材料与热处理作为丝杠产品技术壁垒中的关键环节之一，通过优选高性能材料、引入热处理工艺以及实现两者的有机整合，构成了提高丝杠传动系统整体性能的重要技术基础。随着更多自主知识产权的核心技术的突破，通过自主研发不断优化材料选择和热处理流程，我国高端丝杠产品在国际市场中的竞争力有望进一步提升，实现从“跟随者”向“者”的转变。此外，通过不断优化热处理参数和材料配比，不仅可以降低生产过程中能耗和材料浪费，还能通过提高产品一致性和合格率，降低检测和返工成本，即材料与热处理工艺的技术进步也为整个产业链的降本和规模化生产提供了有力支撑。

　　Materials and heat treatment, as one of the key links in the technical barriers of screw products, constitute an important technical foundation for improving the overall performance of screw transmission systems by selecting high-performance materials, introducing advanced heat treatment processes, and achieving organic integration of the two. With the breakthrough of more core technologies with independent intellectual property rights, and through continuous optimization of material selection and heat treatment processes through independent research and development, the competitiveness of China's high-end screw products in the international market is expected to be further enhanced, achieving a transformation from a "follower" to a "leader". In addition, by continuously optimizing heat treatment parameters and material ratios, not only can energy consumption and material waste be reduced in the production process, but also testing and rework costs can be reduced by improving product consistency and qualification rates. The technological progress of materials and heat treatment processes also provides strong support for cost reduction and large-scale production of the entire industry chain.

　　2、加工工艺是制造环节的核心壁垒

　　2. Processing technology is the core barrier in the manufacturing process

　　加工工艺作为丝杠产品制造中的核心环节，不仅直接决定了产品的传动精度、耐磨性和使用寿命，更在降低制造成本、提升生产效率和实现规模化生产方面发挥着关键作用。在高端装备制造领域，丝杠产品要求在高速、高负载及高动态响应下仍能保持稳定的传动性能，而这一切的实现离不开加工工艺的支撑。通过不断优化传统加工工艺、引入新型切削技术和推广自动化生产模式，行业内正逐步实现从传统高成本、低效率生产模式向高精度、低能耗和高产能转型。从传统磨削、车削、旋风铣、以车代磨及轧制工艺等方面分别展开来看：

　　As the core link in the manufacturing of screw products, processing technology not only directly determines the transmission accuracy, wear resistance, and service life of the product, but also plays a key role in reducing manufacturing costs, improving production efficiency, and achieving large-scale production. In the field of high-end equipment manufacturing, screw products require stable transmission performance under high speed, high load, and high dynamic response, and all of this cannot be achieved without the support of advanced processing technology. By continuously optimizing traditional machining processes, introducing new cutting technologies, and promoting automated production modes, the industry is gradually transitioning from traditional high cost, low efficiency production modes to high-precision, low energy consumption, and high production capacity. From the perspectives of traditional grinding, turning, whirlwind milling, replacing grinding with turning, and rolling processes:

　　磨削工艺作为高精度传动系统制造的核心，尽管周期长、设备昂贵、工序工艺控制要求高，但其高精度和表面质量为高端丝杠产品奠定了基础。其主要工艺壁垒在于需要确保磨削砂轮的精准控制和磨粒分布均匀，以防止因局部过热和不均匀磨削而产生的表面缺陷。高精度的磨削工艺不仅能够达到极低的表面粗糙度，还保证了丝杠在高速和高负载状态下的稳定传动性能，从而为高端机床和机器人等应用提供强有力的技术支撑。

　　Grinding technology, as the core of high-precision transmission system manufacturing, has long cycles, expensive equipment, and high process control requirements. However, its high precision and surface quality lay the foundation for high-end screw products. The main technological barrier lies in the need to ensure precise control of the grinding wheel and uniform distribution of abrasive particles to prevent surface defects caused by local overheating and uneven grinding. The high-precision grinding process not only achieves extremely low surface roughness, but also ensures the stable transmission performance of the screw under high-speed and high load conditions, providing strong technical support for high-end machine tools and robots applications.

　　车削工艺具有加工速度快和工艺简便的优点，但其精度往往难以满足终产品要求，通常与磨削工艺相结合，主要在粗加工阶段发挥重要作用。作为前道工序，为后续精密磨削提供了良好的毛坯状态，同时提高了整体生产效率。旋风铣工艺以其、绿色和一次成形的特点，正成为未来高端丝杠产品降本增效的重要技术路径之一。

　　Turning technology has the advantages of fast processing speed and simple process, but its accuracy is often difficult to meet the requirements of the final product. It is usually combined with grinding technology and plays an important role in the rough machining stage. As a preceding process, it provides a good blank state for subsequent precision grinding, while improving overall production efficiency. The whirlwind milling process, with its high efficiency, green and one-time forming characteristics, is becoming one of the important technical paths for cost reduction and efficiency improvement of high-end screw products in the future.

　　以车代磨技术利用硬车削技术来替代传统磨削，直接在粗加工阶段就实现较高的表面精度，既缩短了生产周期，又降低了因多次装夹造成的误差，是实现低成本生产的有效手段。

　　The technology of replacing traditional grinding with car turning technology uses hard turning technology to achieve high surface accuracy directly in the rough machining stage, which not only shortens the production cycle but also reduces errors caused by multiple clamping, making it an effective means of achieving efficient and low-cost production.

　　轧制工艺在中低端市场中凭借、低能耗、资源利用率高的特点，占据了一定的市场份额，但在高精度要求上存在局限（通常在C7级及以下）。随着工艺技术的不断改进，部分领域正尝试通过结合轧制与其他加工技术，实现产品性能与成本的平衡。

　　Rolling technology has occupied a certain market share in the mid to low end market due to its high efficiency, low energy consumption, and high resource utilization. However, there are limitations in high-precision requirements (usually at C7 level and below). With the continuous improvement of process technology, some fields are trying to achieve the best balance between product performance and cost by combining rolling and other processing technologies.

　　与此同时，加工工艺的不断优化和新型技术的引入正在推动丝杠产品实现从传统加工向智能化、自动化生产模式的转变。国际上，在丝杠加工工艺上长期占据地位，主要依靠瑞士、德国等国的高精密磨床和数控设备，实现了极高的加工精度和生产效率。然而，近年来，国内企业通过引进消化再创新，在加工工艺上也取得了显著进步，如在旋风铣和以车代磨技术上的突破，使得高端丝杠产品在精度、耐磨性和成本控制方面取得了长足进展，部分产品的性能指标已接近甚达到国际水平。技术进步和设备更新的协同作用，正为国产丝杠产品实现高端替代和自主可控提供了强有力的保障，未来我国在全球丝杠加工领域的市场竞争力将不断增强。随着工业4.0和智能制造的深入发展，全球丝杠制造企业正加快引进数字化生产线和自动化检测系统。通过将的数控技术、机器人自动化装配以及大数据实时监控引入生产过程，不仅可以实现产品加工精度的持续稳定，还能大幅提高生产效率和降低废品率。智能制造和自动化检测系统的应用，能够有效减少人工干预，缩短加工周期，同时保证每一根丝杠产品在尺寸、表面粗糙度以及力学性能等关键指标上的高一致性。这种技术进步对于提高产品质量、降低制造成本具有重要意义，也为全球丝杠产业链的升级提供了强有力的技术支撑。

　　At the same time, the continuous optimization of processing technology and the introduction of new technologies are driving the transformation of screw products from traditional processing to intelligent and automated production modes. Internationally, advanced countries have long held a leading position in screw machining technology, mainly relying on high-precision grinding machines and CNC equipment from countries such as Switzerland and Germany to achieve extremely high machining accuracy and production efficiency. However, in recent years, domestic enterprises have made significant progress in processing technology by introducing, digesting, and innovating, such as breakthroughs in cyclone milling and turning instead of grinding technology, which have enabled high-end screw products to make significant progress in accuracy, wear resistance, and cost control. The performance indicators of some products have approached or even reached the international advanced level. The synergistic effect of technological progress and equipment updates is providing strong guarantees for the high-end substitution and independent controllability of domestic screw products. In the future, China's market competitiveness in the global screw processing field will continue to strengthen. With the deepening development of Industry 4.0 and intelligent manufacturing, global screw manufacturing enterprises are accelerating the introduction of digital production lines and automated detection systems. By introducing advanced numerical control technology, robot automation assembly, and real-time monitoring of big data into the production process, not only can the continuous stability of product processing accuracy be achieved, but production efficiency can also be greatly improved and the scrap rate can be reduced. The application of intelligent manufacturing and automated detection systems can effectively reduce manual intervention, shorten processing cycles, and ensure high consistency in key indicators such as size, surface roughness, and mechanical properties of each screw product. This technological advancement is of great significance for improving product quality, reducing manufacturing costs, and providing strong technical support for the upgrading of the global screw industry chain.

　　3、高端设备进口依赖，国产设备瓶颈持续攻坚

　　3. High end equipment import dependence, domestic equipment bottleneck continues to be overcome

　　高端丝杠制造中的设备瓶颈一直是制约行业自主可控和规模化生产的重要因素，其核心在于关键加工设备和检测仪器主要依赖国外技术，影响了国内高端丝杠产品的制造效率和成本竞争力。高端丝杠产品的加工工艺要求高，无论是在螺纹磨削、旋风铣削还是在精密测量与检测环节，都需要配备世界一流的设备。国际上主导高端丝杠生产的关键设备，如高精度螺纹磨床和旋风铣床，主要来自德国、日本、瑞士等的企业，其技术成熟、工艺稳定，能够保证产品在高速、高负载条件下的精密加工。这些设备昂贵、交货周期长，且进口依赖严重，导致国内相关企业在高端产品制造上存在较大技术和成本劣势。

　　The equipment bottleneck in high-end screw manufacturing has always been an important factor restricting the industry's independent controllability and large-scale production. Its core lies in the fact that key processing equipment and testing instruments mainly rely on advanced foreign technology, which affects the manufacturing efficiency and cost competitiveness of domestic high-end screw products. The processing technology requirements for high-end screw products are high, whether it is thread grinding, whirlwind milling, or precision measurement and testing, world-class equipment is needed. The key equipment leading high-end screw production internationally, such as high-precision thread grinders and cyclone milling machines, mainly come from enterprises in Germany, Japan, Switzerland and other countries. Their mature technology and stable processes can ensure precise machining of products under high-speed and high load conditions. These devices are expensive, have long delivery cycles, and heavily rely on imports, resulting in significant technological and cost disadvantages for domestic enterprises in high-end product manufacturing.

　　在关键加工设备方面，螺纹磨床和旋风铣床构成了高端丝杠制造的技术“心脏”。

　　In terms of key processing equipment, thread grinders and whirlwind milling machines form the technological "heart" of high-end screw manufacturing.

　　螺纹磨床：磨削工艺在加工过程中需要经过多道工序，每一步都对设备的精度和稳定性提出高要求，而高端螺纹磨床正是满足这一需求的关键装备。螺纹磨床作为实现螺纹高精度成形的核心设备，其加工精度和稳定性直接决定了丝杠的传动精度和使用寿命。自从瑞士SIP公司于1917年研制出世界上台螺纹磨床，今已经有100多年的发展历史。国外相关螺纹磨床生产厂家从20世纪90年代就开始大力发展数控螺纹磨床，为研制和生产高端滚珠丝杠副产品提供了技术基础。比较的数控螺纹床生产厂家大多出自于瑞士、英国、日本和德国等发达，其中典型的磨床厂商有瑞士莱森豪尔、英国MATRIX、日本三井、德国SMC、德国Kapp等。国内生产数控螺纹磨床的骨干企业包括汉江机床、上海机床厂等近年来奋力直追国外技术，目前已经能够自主设计和制造具有世界水平的数控螺纹磨床，但在稳定性、重复定位精度和自动化水平上尚有部分差距，导致产品批次间的一致性和可靠性可能难以完全满足高端应用需求。

　　Thread grinder: The grinding process requires multiple steps in the machining process, each of which places high demands on the accuracy and stability of the equipment. High end thread grinders are the key equipment to meet this demand. As the core equipment for achieving high-precision thread forming, the machining accuracy and stability of the thread grinder directly determine the transmission accuracy and service life of the screw. Since the Swiss SIP company developed the world's first thread grinding machine in 1917, it has a development history of more than 100 years. Foreign manufacturers of thread grinders have been vigorously developing CNC thread grinders since the 1990s, providing a technical foundation for the development and production of high-end ball screw by-products. Most of the well-known CNC thread machine manufacturers come from developed countries such as Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Germany. Typical grinding machine manufacturers include Swiss Laisenhauer, British MATRIX, Japanese Mitsui, German SMC, and German Kapp. The backbone enterprises producing CNC thread grinders in China, including Hanjiang Machine Tool and Shanghai Machine Tool Factory, have been striving to catch up with advanced foreign technologies in recent years. Currently, they are able to independently design and manufacture CNC thread grinders with world advanced levels. However, there are still some gaps in stability, repeatability accuracy, and automation level, which may result in difficulty in fully meeting the consistency and reliability of product batches for high-end applications.

　　旋风铣床：利用高速旋转刀盘上的PCBN成型刀具一次性铣削出完整螺纹，该方法比传统加工效率提高5倍以上，切屑长而薄、可带走大部分热量，旋铣切削力小、工件变形小，加工后的零件精度高、表面粗糙度值低，其、绿色的特点为降低加工周期和成本提供了有力支撑。德国等西方工业发达从20世纪60年代就已经对旋风铣削工艺技术进行研究，并在80年代推出CNC旋风铣床，用于滚珠丝杠的硬铣削加工，知名企业是德国Leistritz公司，其LWN300HP产品加工长度长可达12m、加工直径32-160mm。我国在这一方面发展较慢，大型丝杠铣床主要依赖进口，而昂贵的是制约我国制造技术提高的关键因素，目前部分机床厂商自研已取得一定进展。由于相关生产设备售价高昂，且交付期较长，因此具备较强资金实力、在丝杠行业布局较早的公司或具备一定优势。

　　Whirlwind milling machine: using PCBN forming tools on a high-speed rotating cutter head to mill complete threads in one go, this method improves processing efficiency by more than 5 times compared to traditional methods. The chips are long and thin, can take away most of the heat, the cutting force of rotary milling is small, the workpiece deformation is small, the precision of the processed parts is high, and the surface roughness value is low. Its efficient and green characteristics provide strong support for reducing processing cycles and costs. Developed Western industrial countries such as Germany have been researching the cyclone milling technology since the 1960s, and introduced CNC cyclone milling machines for hard milling of ball screws in the 1980s. The most well-known enterprise is Leistritz, a German company, whose LWN300HP product can have a processing length of up to 12m and a processing diameter of 32-160mm. China's development in this area is slow, and large screw milling machines mainly rely on imports. The expensive price is a key factor restricting the improvement of manufacturing technology in China. Currently, some machine tool manufacturers have made certain progress in their own research. Due to the high selling price and long delivery time of related production equipment, companies with strong financial strength and early layout in the screw industry may have certain advantages.

　　在检测与测量设备方面，精密测量仪器是确保丝杠加工质量和一致性的重要保障。在高精度加工领域，检测设备也扮演着关键角色，其能够实时监控丝杠在加工过程中的尺寸变化、表面粗糙度及微小振动情况，从而确保每一根产品都能达到严格的技术指标要求。高端丝杠产品的检测精度直接影响整机的性能，而目前这类精密检测设备大多依赖于进口技术，既使得成本居高不下，也限制了国内自主研发和技术改造的步伐。检测设备的瓶颈问题不仅延长了生产周期，还增加了生产成本，进而制约了整个高端丝杠产业链的竞争力和市场扩展能力。

　　In terms of detection and measurement equipment, precision measuring instruments are an important guarantee for ensuring the quality and consistency of screw machining. In the field of high-precision machining, detection equipment also plays a key role. It can monitor the size changes, surface roughness, and small vibrations of the screw in real-time during the machining process, ensuring that every product meets strict technical specifications. The detection accuracy of high-end screw products directly affects the performance of the whole machine, and currently, most of these precision detection equipment rely on imported technology, which not only makes the cost high, but also limits the pace of domestic independent research and technological transformation. The bottleneck problem of detection equipment not only prolongs the production cycle, but also increases production costs, thereby restricting the competitiveness and market expansion ability of the entire high-end screw industry chain.

　　从技术创新和产业发展趋势的角度看，设备瓶颈将成为国内外高端丝杠产业竞争的焦点，突破设备瓶颈是推动国产高端丝杠实现技术自主可控的重要方向。随着全球智能制造和工业自动化的不断推进，未来高端丝杠产品对设备精度、自动化水平和生产效率的要求将更加严苛，设备瓶颈问题不仅影响当前产品的制造质量和成本控制，更将对未来市场竞争格局产生深远影响。只有通过持续的技术创新和设备改造，突破进口设备依赖，实现高精度、率和低能耗设备的国产化，才能使我国在高端丝杠制造领域占据主动。近年来，在“制造强国”战略的推动下，国内企业和科研机构正加大在高精密设备研发和技术改造方面的投入，力争打破国外设备垄断。目前部分企业已开始尝试自主研发高精度螺纹磨床和旋风铣床，结合数字化控制和智能检测技术，提升设备的稳定性和精度水平。此外，利用工业互联网和大数据技术进行设备状态监控和预测维护，也为设备改造提供了新的思路。通过这些技术创新，不仅可以缩短设备的研发周期和降低生产成本，还能逐步实现关键设备的国产化，从根本上解决高端丝杠制造中的设备瓶颈问题。虽然这一进程仍面临技术、资金和市场等多重挑战，但相关人士认为，未来在高端设备领域，国产高精度螺纹磨床和旋风铣床的突破有望在中长期内显著提升国内高端丝杠产品的技术水平和市场竞争力，从而推动全球丝杠产业链的重构和在国际市场的份额的提升。

　　From the perspective of technological innovation and industrial development trends, equipment bottlenecks will become the focus of competition in the high-end screw industry both domestically and internationally. Breaking through equipment bottlenecks is an important direction for promoting domestic high-end screws to achieve technological independence and controllability. With the continuous advancement of global intelligent manufacturing and industrial automation, the requirements for equipment accuracy, automation level, and production efficiency of high-end screw products in the future will become more stringent. Equipment bottleneck problems not only affect the manufacturing quality and cost control of current products, but also have a profound impact on the future market competition pattern. Only through continuous technological innovation and equipment transformation, breaking through the dependence on imported equipment, and achieving the localization of high-precision, high-efficiency, and low-energy consuming equipment, can China take the initiative in the field of high-end screw manufacturing. In recent years, driven by the national strategy of "building a strong manufacturing country", domestic enterprises and research institutions are increasing their investment in high-precision equipment research and technological transformation, striving to break the monopoly of foreign equipment. At present, some enterprises have begun to independently develop high-precision thread grinding machines and whirlwind milling machines, combining digital control and intelligent detection technology to improve the stability and accuracy level of the equipment. In addition, the use of industrial Internet and big data technology for equipment status monitoring and predictive maintenance also provides new ideas for equipment transformation. Through these technological innovations, not only can the R&D cycle of equipment be shortened and production costs reduced, but also the localization of key equipment can be gradually achieved, fundamentally solving the equipment bottleneck problem in high-end screw manufacturing. Although this process still faces multiple challenges such as technology, funding, and market, relevant personnel believe that in the field of high-end equipment in the future, breakthroughs in domestically produced high-precision thread grinders and whirlwind milling machines are expected to significantly improve the technological level and market competitiveness of domestic high-end screw products in the medium and long term, thereby promoting the reconstruction of the global screw industry chain and the increase of market share in the international market.

　　05产业链分析

　　05 Industry Chain Analysis

　　1、丝杠产业链概况

　　1. Overview of the Screw Industry Chain

　　丝杠产业链上游为原材料及零部件，中游为丝杠加工制造，下游应用场景包括航空航天、机器人、机床等众多领域。从市场分布来看，丝杠目前主要应用于机床领域，与导轨共同组成机床传动、定位的核心零部件。

　　The upstream of the screw industry chain is raw materials and components, the midstream is screw processing and manufacturing, and the downstream application scenarios include aerospace, robotics, machine tools, and many other fields. From the perspective of market distribution, lead screws are currently mainly used in the field of machine tools, and together with guide rails, they form the core components of machine tool transmission and positioning.

　　精度是衡量丝杠性能的关键指标。根据《中华人民共和国标准GB/T17587.3-2017》，国内滚珠丝杠副分为定位（P型）和传动（T型）两类，精度等级划分为0、1、2、3、4、5、7、10八个等级，0级精度，10级精度。衡量精度关键的数据为行程变动量，指以任取长度为300mm的一段丝杠，测量实际移动距离和理想移动距离的偏差来表示，P0级滚珠丝杠副在任意300mm内行程变动量要求为3.5μm，任意2π行程内行程变动量要求为3μm。丝杠生产工艺复杂，使用设备较多。丝杠生产工艺复杂，生产制造需要经历下料、热处理、校直、金属加工、检测等多道工序，在初期设计及原材料选取上有较高要求。

　　Accuracy is a key indicator for measuring the performance of a screw. According to the National Standard of the People's Republic of China GB/T17587.3-2017, domestic ball screw pairs are divided into two categories: positioning (P-type) and transmission (T-shaped), with accuracy levels divided into eight levels: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 10. Level 0 has the highest accuracy and level 10 has the lowest accuracy. The most critical data for measuring accuracy is the stroke variation, which refers to the deviation between the actual movement distance and the ideal movement distance measured for any length of 300mm of a screw. The P0 level ball screw pair requires a stroke variation of 3.5 μ m within any 300mm and 3 μ m within any 2 π stroke. The production process of screw is complex and requires a lot of equipment. The production process of screw is complex, and manufacturing requires multiple processes such as cutting, heat treatment, straightening, metal processing, and testing. There are high requirements for initial design and raw material selection.

　　丝杠生产常用原材料为碳素结构钢、Cr（铬）/Mo（钼）合金结构钢、马氏体/渗碳不锈钢。目前Cr/Mo合金钢应用较多，国产产品性能相较国外产品在材料纯度和组织结构均匀性上有一定差距。设备方面，丝杠生产过程中需要用到热处理设备、校直机、机床等多类设备，目前国内设备水平已实现明显提升，但与国际水平仍有一定差距，未来随着国产设备的加速追赶，丝杠生产制造成本有望进一步降低。

　　The commonly used raw materials for screw production are carbon structural steel, Cr/Mo alloy structural steel, and martensitic/carburized stainless steel. At present, Cr/Mo alloy steel is widely used, and there is a certain gap in material purity and microstructure uniformity between domestic products and foreign products. In terms of equipment, various types of equipment such as heat treatment equipment, straightening machines, and machine tools are required in the production process of lead screws. Currently, the level of domestic equipment has significantly improved, but there is still a certain gap with the international leading level. In the future, with the acceleration of domestic equipment catching up, the manufacturing cost of lead screws is expected to be further reduced.

　　2、丝杠在下游市场有着多元应用场景，未来发展空间广阔，若降本空间打开，可能对行业格局产生变数

　　2. Screw has diverse application scenarios in the downstream market, with broad development potential in the future. If the space for cost reduction is opened up, it may cause variables in the industry landscape

　　丝杠在机械工业领域具有多元化应用场景，涵盖机床、自动化和汽车等下游市场。滚珠丝杠拥有较高的精度和传动效率，且相较于行星滚柱丝杠具有成本优势，广泛应用于数控机床、注塑机、通用自动化等机械工业领域；行星滚柱丝杠具备更高的负载能力，同时能够保持高精度操作，生产难度和成本相对较高，目前主要适用于少数高端领域，如高精度和重型数控机床、机器人以及航空航天。整体而言，丝杠下游市场主要覆盖机床、自动化、机器人和汽车领域，滚珠丝杠应用相对成熟，而行星滚柱丝杠具有较大的弹性空间。考虑到应用范围、丝杠精度和增长潜力，选取机床、汽车和人形机器人下游单独测算丝杠市场空间。根据全国机器人标准化技术委员会2024年发布的《人形机器人标准化白皮书》统计，数控机床贡献滚珠丝杠下游主要市场空间。

　　Screw has diversified application scenarios in the mechanical industry, covering downstream markets such as machine tools, automation, and automobiles. Ball screws have high precision and transmission efficiency, and have cost advantages compared to planetary roller screws. They are widely used in mechanical industries such as CNC machine tools, injection molding machines, and general automation; Planetary roller screw has higher load capacity and can maintain high-precision operation, with relatively high production difficulty and cost. Currently, it is mainly suitable for a few high-end fields, such as high-precision and heavy-duty CNC machine tools, robots, and aerospace. Overall, the downstream market of ball screws mainly covers the fields of machine tools, automation, robotics, and automobiles. Ball screws have relatively mature applications, while planetary roller screws have a large elastic space. Considering the application scope, screw accuracy, and growth potential, the screw market space is separately calculated for downstream machine tools, automobiles, and humanoid robots. According to the "White Paper on Standardization of Humanoid Robots" released by the National Robot Standardization Technical Committee in 2024, CNC machine tools contribute to the main downstream market space of ball screws.

　　从行业适用丝杠精度等级来看，高精密机床对丝杠的精度和刚性要求较高，主要采用C0-C3级丝杠，受益于数控机床渗透率和高端机床国产化率加速提升，机床用丝杠市场空间有望扩张；汽车用丝杠则注重传动效率和速度、负载等运动性能，考虑精度和性价比的平衡，采用C5-C7级丝杠为主，新能源汽车渗透率持续提高和智能驾驶系统应用普及，将带动汽车驻车、制动和转向系统用丝杠市场规模增长；人形机器人所需精度范围在C5左右，人形机器人处于行业发展前期，尚未形成规模市场，且滚珠及滚柱方案均有设计使用，但伴随下游应用推广，预计未来发展空间广阔。数控机床是丝杠下游主要的终端市场。

　　From the perspective of industry applicable screw precision grades, high-precision machine tools have high requirements for the accuracy and rigidity of screws, mainly using C0-C3 grade screws. Benefiting from the accelerated penetration rate of CNC machine tools and the localization rate of high-end machine tools, the market space for machine tool screws is expected to expand; Automobile screws focus on transmission efficiency, speed, load and other motion performance, considering the balance between accuracy and cost-effectiveness, mainly using C5-C7 grade screws. The penetration rate of new energy vehicles continues to increase and the application of intelligent driving systems is popularized, which will drive the growth of the screw market for automotive parking, braking and steering systems; The required accuracy range for humanoid robots is around C5. Humanoid robots are in the early stage of industry development and have not yet formed a large-scale market. Both ball and roller schemes are designed and used, but with the promotion of downstream applications, it is expected that there will be broad development space in the future. Numerical control machine tools are the most important downstream end market for lead screws.

　　数控机床传动系统包括丝杠及导轨结构，是丝杠下游大终端市场，可进一步分为高中低端数控机床市场。其中，高端机床包括五轴立式、卧式、龙门式加工中心等，五轴机床对丝杠的精度和性能要求较高。按照JIS等级精度划分，国内数控机床一般以C3-C5级精度的滚珠丝杠为主，高端机床主要采用C0-C3级滚珠丝杠，而超高精密度要求的设备则更多采用行星滚柱丝杠，如航空、医疗等领域。随着五轴类高端数控机床的产量及销量增长，预计将带动高精度丝杠的市场空间拓展。从降本路径来看，除规模效应的差异外，还主要包括缩短加工时长和生产要素国产化。

　　The transmission system of CNC machine tools includes screw and guide rail structures, which is the largest downstream terminal market for screw and can be further divided into high, medium, and low-end CNC machine tool markets. Among them, high-end machine tools include five axis vertical, horizontal, gantry machining centers, etc. Five axis machine tools have high requirements for the accuracy and performance of the screw. According to JIS precision classification, domestic CNC machine tools generally use ball screws with precision levels of C3 to C5. High end machine tools mainly use C0-C3 ball screws, while equipment with ultra-high precision requirements mostly use planetary roller screws, such as in aviation, medical and other fields. With the increase in production and sales of high-end five axis CNC machine tools, it is expected to drive the expansion of the market space for high-precision screws. From the perspective of cost reduction, in addition to differences in scale effects, it mainly includes shortening processing time and localizing production factors.

　　缩短加工时长/改进工艺方法：工艺改进包括使用成本更低的材料、提升材料利用率、改进生产方法以提升生产效率等。丝杠的加工环节中，精加工耗时较长。现阶段行星滚柱丝杠的精加工主要采用磨削方法，在研发初期，为达到参数要求，单根丝杠的磨削时长可以达到几小时。伴随工艺方法改进，将磨削时间缩短几十分钟，则能够有效降低单位人工成本和折旧成本。若能用滚珠丝杠替代滚柱丝杠，则加工效率有望进一步提升，技术路径的选择与降本路径间存在密切关联。

　　Shortening processing time/improving process methods: Process improvement includes using lower cost materials, increasing material utilization, improving production methods to enhance production efficiency, etc. In the machining process of screw, precision machining takes a long time. At present, the precision machining of planetary roller screws mainly adopts grinding methods. In the early stage of research and development, in order to meet the parameter requirements, the grinding time of a single screw can reach several hours. With the improvement of process methods, shortening the grinding time to several tens of minutes can effectively reduce the unit labor cost and depreciation cost. If ball screws can be used instead of roller screws, the processing efficiency is expected to be further improved, and there is a close relationship between the choice of technical path and cost reduction path.

　　生产要素国产化：以生产设备为例，为达到更高的精度等级和保障生产质量稳定性，使用外资机床是更好的选择，但也会明显提升制造成本。伴随技术方案变化、工艺能力提升、国产设备技术进步，若未来国产设备能有效满足产品要求，则降本空间将进一步打开。但这也会对行业格局产生新的变数。

　　Localization of production factors: Taking production equipment as an example, using foreign-funded machine tools is a better choice to achieve higher precision levels and ensure production quality stability, but it will also significantly increase manufacturing costs. With changes in technical solutions, improvements in process capabilities, and advancements in domestic equipment technology, if domestic equipment can effectively meet product requirements in the future, the space for cost reduction will be further opened up. But this will also create new variables for the industry landscape.

　　3、外资先发优势明显，国产处于追赶阶段

　　3. Foreign brands have obvious first mover advantages, while domestic brands are in the catching up stage

　　外资滚柱丝杠玩家起步早，具有长期的技术研发积累和客户合作经验。

　　Foreign roller screw players started early and have accumulated long-term technical research and development experience as well as customer cooperation experience.

　　全球丝杠龙头舍弗勒已经积累大量的生产应用经验，并已经具备成熟的产品系列，形成明显的先发优势，占据市场主导地位。舍弗勒目前旗下三大行星滚柱丝杠业务主体：旗下公司瑞士GSA行星滚柱制造公司；GSA于2016年收购瑞士Rollvis（1970年开始研制行星滚柱丝杠）；2022年7月舍弗勒以约5.8亿欧元从Triton收购瑞典Ewellix（前身为瑞典SKF线性运动技术事业部），23年1月Ewellix正式成为舍弗勒集团的新业务板块。Rollvis、Ewellix、GSA三家公司均在丝杠领域有长期耕耘，此舍弗勒成为全球丝杠龙头厂商，经过多年技术积累与先发优势，占据主导地位。

　　Schaeffler, the global leader in screw production, has accumulated a wealth of experience in production and application, and has a mature product line, forming a clear first mover advantage and occupying a dominant position in the market. Schaeffler currently has three major planetary roller screw business entities: its subsidiary Swiss GSA planetary roller manufacturing company; GSA acquired Switzerland's Rollvis in 2016 (which began developing planetary roller screws in 1970); In July 2022, Schaeffler acquired Sweden's Ewellix (formerly known as SKF Linear Motion Technology Division) from Triton for approximately 580 million euros. In January 2023, Ewellix officially became a new business unit of the Schaeffler Group. Rollvis, Ewellix, and GSA have all had long-term cultivation in the field of screw, making Schaeffler a global leader in screw manufacturing. After years of technological accumulation and first mover advantage, Schaeffler occupies a dominant position.

　　行星滚柱丝杠领域国产玩家起步较晚。90年代后随着数控机床对高精度丝杠的需求上升，企业开始研发相关产品。2016年部分企业的行星滚柱丝杠进入生产阶段，小部分企业实现小批量供货，市场进入发展期。目前尽管国内滚柱丝杠已具一定产业基础，南京工艺、博特精工等厂商已能够小规模生产行星滚柱丝杠，但是性能与国外竞品相比，在效率、承载能力和精度上仍有提升空间。

　　Domestic players in the field of planetary roller screws started relatively late. After the 1990s, with the increasing demand for high-precision screws in CNC machine tools, Chinese companies began to develop related products. In 2016, some companies' planetary roller screws entered the production stage, and a small number of companies achieved small batch supply. The Chinese market entered a development period. At present, although domestic roller screws have a certain industrial foundation and manufacturers such as Nanjing Craft and Bote Precision are able to produce planetary roller screws on a small scale, there is still room for improvement in efficiency, load-bearing capacity, and accuracy compared to foreign competitors.

　　在高端丝杠领域，国内产品在精度、可靠性等方面与国外头部企业相比仍存在一定差距，特别在行星滚柱丝杠领域，受限于磨削等加工工艺、加工设备等方面的技术限制，国外企业占据行星滚柱丝杠的绝大部分市场份额。精密丝杠制造具备较高的技术壁垒，中高端丝杠采用磨削加工，需经过热处理、车削、磨削等多道工序加工，对原材料、制造工艺要求较高。另外除加工过程中的工艺优化，想要实现性能的提升，终面临的是“设计-制造-检测”的闭环体系。海外企业具有先发优势，国产在精度保持性、功能可靠性、寿命、精度、刚度等关键性能指标上依然落后于境外产品，国产市场占有率低。

　　In the field of high-end screw, there is still a certain gap between domestic products and foreign leading enterprises in terms of accuracy, reliability, etc., especially in the field of planetary roller screw. Due to technical limitations such as grinding and other processing technologies and equipment, foreign enterprises occupy the vast majority of the market share of planetary roller screw. Precision screw manufacturing has high technical barriers, and high-end screws use grinding processing, which requires multiple processes such as heat treatment, turning, and grinding, with high requirements for raw materials and manufacturing processes. In addition to process optimization during the manufacturing process, achieving performance improvement ultimately requires a closed-loop system of "design manufacturing testing". Overseas enterprises have a first mover advantage, while domestic brands still lag behind foreign products in key performance indicators such as precision retention, functional reliability, lifespan, precision, and stiffness, resulting in a low market share for domestic brands.

　　国产行星滚柱丝杠产品的导程精度动载荷、静载荷等性能与国际企业相比仍有较大差距。以南京工艺、EWELLIX和GSA30mm直径产品为例进行对比，可看出企业缺乏导程精度的统一标准，承载能力显著低于国际企业同规格产品。若要实现国产替代，仍需加大技术研发力度。

　　The performance of domestically produced planetary roller screw products in terms of lead accuracy, maximum dynamic load, maximum static load, etc. still has a significant gap compared to international enterprises. Taking Nanjing Craft, EWELLIX, and GSA30mm diameter products as examples for comparison, it can be seen that Chinese enterprises lack a unified standard for lead accuracy, and their load-bearing capacity is significantly lower than that of international enterprises with the same specifications. To achieve domestic substitution, it is still necessary to increase technological research and development efforts.

　　滚珠丝杠方面，中端市场国产替代相对明显，高端市场仍由德国企业主导。在市场中，本土企业在中端滚珠丝杠市场份额较高，台湾和大陆企业份额合并达七成，三成为德国企业。高端市场由德国企业占主导，占据90%的份额。企业在丝杠领域起步较晚，企业规模较小，仍未掌握高精度产品技术。但企业在丝杠领域进展较快，五洲新春、恒立液压等企业均积极布局高精度丝杠领域，部分已实现量产，推动国产替代进程。

　　In terms of ball screws, domestic substitution is relatively obvious in the mid-range market, while the high-end market is still dominated by German companies. In the Chinese market, local enterprises have a relatively high market share in the middle end ball screw. The share of enterprises in Taiwan, China and mainland China has merged to 70%, and three have become German enterprises. The high-end market is dominated by German companies, accounting for 90% of the market share. Chinese enterprises started relatively late in the field of screw production, with relatively small enterprise scales, and have not yet mastered high-precision product technology. But Chinese enterprises have made rapid progress in the field of screw production. Companies such as Wuzhou Xinchun and Hengli Hydraulic have actively laid out high-precision screw fields, and some have achieved mass production, promoting the process of domestic substitution.

　　行星滚柱丝杠方面，行星滚柱市场基本由国际企业主导，市场集中度高。根据GGII，外资企业如Rollvis（瑞士）、GSA（瑞士）、Ewellix（瑞典）、Rexroth（德国）在国内市场份额占比分别为26%、26%、14%、12%，而国内企业合计占比（含南京工艺、博特精工、台湾优仕特）约20%左右。据GGII，2023年瑞士GSA在市场的份额已超过50%。

　　In terms of planetary roller screws, the Chinese planetary roller market is mainly dominated by international enterprises, with high market concentration. According to GGII, foreign-funded enterprises such as Rollvis (Switzerland), GSA (Switzerland), Ewellix (Sweden), and Rexroth (Germany) have a market share of 26%, 26%, 14%, and 12% respectively in the domestic market, while the total market share of domestic enterprises (including Nanjing Craft, Bote Precision, and Taiwan Yousite) is about 20%. According to GGII, the market share of Swiss GSA in the Chinese market has exceeded 50% by 2023.

　　4、机加工工艺和设备的共通性驱动零部件厂商积极入局

　　4. The commonality of machining processes and equipment drives component manufacturers to actively enter the market

　　有精密机加工能力和设备的企业跨界布局滚柱/滚珠丝杠，为精密丝杠市场注入发展新动能。由于丝杠和其他机械零部件在机加工工艺和设备上具技术共通性，国内汽车零部件企业积极跨界精密丝杠市场，国产丝杠企业通过自主创新已经在滚动丝杠这一高精度、高性能传动领域取得一定突破，并且已经有国产行星滚柱丝杠正在逐渐被高端应用领域认可和采用，企业南京工艺和济宁博特亦被列入0的行列，标志着国内企业在这一关键领域正在从追赶者向竞争者转变。

　　Enterprises with precision machining capabilities and equipment are crossing boundaries to lay out roller/ball screws, injecting new development momentum into the precision screw market. Due to the technological commonality between lead screws and other mechanical components in machining processes and equipment, domestic automotive parts companies actively cross the precision lead screw market. Domestic lead screw companies have made certain breakthroughs in the high-precision and high-performance transmission field of rolling lead screws through independent innovation, and some domestic planetary roller lead screws are gradually being recognized and adopted in high-end application fields. Chinese companies Nanjing Craft and Jining Bote have also been included in the 0, marking the transformation of domestic companies from pursuers to competitors in this key field.

　　06相关公司

　　06 Related Companies

　　1、五洲新春

　　1. Wuzhou New Year

　　深耕精密制造技术二十多年。公司为国内少数涵盖精密锻造、制管、冷成形、机加工、热处理、磨加工、装配的轴承、精密零部件全产业链企业。公司主营业务包括轴承、新能源汽车零部件、热管理系统零部件和丝杠组件及零部件。公司拥有行业轴承磨前技术，特别是热处理和表面改性技术，实现从传统行业精密零部件向新能源汽车零部件、风电滚子、具身智能机器人执行器核心零部件方面转型。布局具身智能机器人零部件，行星滚柱丝杠实现收入。公司发展以高端行星滚柱丝杠产品为切入点的各类丝杠产品，为直线执行器、旋转执行器和灵巧手提供部件或者成套产品。目前，公司暂作为二级供应商主要给杭州公司提供丝杠产品。截止2024年12月3日，公司丝杠产品已形成收入680万元。公司将“风电机组精密轴承滚子技改项目”变更为投资确定性更强的“线控执行系统核心零部件研发与产业化项目”，并将1.4亿元全部变更投入到该项目中。同时，公司公布可转换公司债券预案，拟募集10.55亿元用于具身智能机器人和汽车智驾核心零部件研发与产业化项目。

　　I have been deeply involved in precision manufacturing technology for over 20 years. The company is one of the few domestic enterprises covering the entire industry chain of precision forging, pipe making, cold forming, machining, heat treatment, grinding, and assembly of bearings and precision components. The company's main business includes bearings, new energy vehicle components, thermal management system components, and screw components and parts. The company has industry-leading bearing pre grinding technology, especially heat treatment and surface modification technology, realizing the transformation from traditional precision components to core components of new energy vehicle components, wind turbine rollers, and intelligent robot actuators. Layout of intelligent robot components and planetary roller screws to achieve revenue. The company develops various types of screw products with high-end planetary roller screw products as the entry point, providing components or complete sets of products for linear actuators, rotary actuators, and dexterous hands. At present, the company is mainly providing screw products to the Hangzhou company as a secondary supplier. As of December 3, 2024, the company's screw products have generated revenue of 6.8 million yuan. The company will change the "Wind Turbine Precision Bearing Roller Technical Renovation Project" to the "Research and Industrialization Project of Core Components of Line Control Execution System" with stronger investment certainty, and invest all 140 million yuan in the project. At the same time, the company announced a plan for convertible corporate bonds, intending to raise 1.055 billion yuan for the research and industrialization of core components for embodied intelligent robots and automotive intelligent driving.

　　2、贝斯特无锡贝斯特精机股份有限公司成立于1997年，主营业务为各类精密零部件、智能装备及工装夹具等原有业务，新能源汽车零部件业务，工业母机、人形机器人等。2024年前三季度公司实现营业收入10.42亿元，同比增长3.52%；实现归母净利润2.25亿元，同比增长7.08%。公司2022年设立全资子公司“无锡宇华精机有限公司”，充分发挥公司在工装夹具、智能装备、工业自动化集成等领域的技术优势和在汽车行业的生产管理体系优势，布局直线运动部件，瞄准中高端机床领域、自动化产业、人形机器人、智能网联汽车等领域进行大力开拓。公司自主研发的行星滚柱丝杠已于2023年顺利出样，公司自主研发出应用于人形机器人的线性执行器核心部件——标准式、反转式行星滚柱丝杠等；以及应用于新能源汽车EHB制动系统和EMB制动系统的多款滚珠丝杠副。

　　2. Best Wuxi Best Precision Machinery Co., Ltd. was established in 1997. Its main business includes various precision components, intelligent equipment, and fixtures, as well as new energy vehicle components, industrial mother machines, humanoid robots, and more. In the first three quarters of 2024, the company achieved a revenue of 1.042 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 3.52%; Realize a net profit attributable to the parent company of 225 million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 7.08%. In 2022, the company will establish a wholly-owned subsidiary, Wuxi Yuhua Precision Machinery Co., Ltd., to fully leverage the company's technological advantages in the fields of fixtures, intelligent equipment, industrial automation integration, and production management system advantages in the automotive industry. The company will comprehensively layout linear motion components and focus on the development of high-end machine tools, automation industry, humanoid robots, intelligent connected vehicles, and other fields. The planetary roller screw independently developed by the company has been successfully sampled in 2023. The company has independently developed the core components of linear actuators for humanoid robots, including standard and reverse planetary roller screws; And multiple ball screw pairs applied to the EHB braking system and EMB braking system of new energy vehicles.

　　3、浙江荣泰绝缘云母龙头，新能源车电池热失控领域。浙江荣泰是全球云母绝缘材料领域的领军企业，核心业务聚焦耐高温绝缘云母制品的研发与生产，尤其在新能源汽车领域占据显著市场地位。公司已深度布局新能源汽车、小家电、电线电缆等下游应用领域，公司产品凭借稳定的性能与可靠的质量，已通过美国UL、FDA，德国T?V，以及欧盟RoHS、PAHs、REACH等多项国际权威标准检测，技术认可度与市场竞争力获得高度验证。在新能源汽车这一新兴应用领域，公司作为较早入局的行业企业，紧密围绕产业需求开展技术攻关，在材料配方优化、产品结构设计及制造工艺创新等方面形成了核心技术壁垒。依托自主研发能力，公司产品在耐高温绝缘性能、轻量化适配性等方面具备显著优势，已在全球知名新能源汽车的电池电芯、电池模组、电池包及整车热失控防护系统中实现广泛应用，有效解决了新能源汽车电池热失控的痛点。公司主要客户涵盖特斯拉、大众、宝马、奔驰、沃尔沃等国际一线车企，以及上汽集团、一汽集团等国内头部汽车厂商，并与全球动力电池龙头企业宁德时代建立了深度合作关系。业绩稳步增长，海外产能逐步投放。公司2022-2024年营业收入从6.67亿元增11.35亿元，归母净利润从1.34亿元提升2.30亿元，实现稳步增长。

　　3. Zhejiang Rongtai Insulation Mica Leader, expert in the field of thermal runaway of new energy vehicle batteries. Zhejiang Rongtai is a leading enterprise in the global mica insulation material field, with a core business focus on the research and production of high-temperature resistant mica insulation products, especially occupying a significant market position in the field of new energy vehicles. The company has deeply laid out downstream application fields such as new energy vehicles, small appliances, and wires and cables. With stable performance and reliable quality, the company's products have passed multiple international authoritative standards such as UL and FDA in the United States, T-V in Germany, and RoHS, PAHs, REACH in the European Union. The technical recognition and market competitiveness have been highly verified. In the emerging application field of new energy vehicles, as an early leading enterprise in the industry, the company closely focuses on technological research and development around industry needs, forming core technological barriers in material formula optimization, product structure design, and manufacturing process innovation. Relying on independent research and development capabilities, the company's products have significant advantages in high temperature insulation performance, lightweight adaptability, etc. They have been widely used in battery cells, battery modules, battery packs, and vehicle thermal runaway protection systems of globally renowned new energy vehicle brands, effectively solving the safety pain points of thermal runaway of new energy vehicle batteries. The company's main customers include international first tier car companies such as Tesla, Volkswagen, BMW, Mercedes Benz, Volvo, as well as domestic leading car manufacturers such as SAIC Group and FAW Group, and has established deep cooperation with global power battery leader CATL. Steady growth in performance and gradual deployment of overseas production capacity. The company's operating revenue increased from 667 million yuan to 1.135 billion yuan from 2022 to 2024, and the net profit attributable to the parent company increased from 134 million yuan to 230 million yuan, achieving steady growth.

　　2023年公司通过收购狄兹精密切入机器人丝杠赛道，整合精密传动技术，叠加公司在墨西哥、泰国等地的生产基地在未来逐步投产，后续业绩值得期待。收购狄兹精密外延拓展人形机器人领域，发力微型丝杠领域。为拓展业务边界，浙江荣泰于2025年2月启动对上海狄兹精密机械有限公司（KGG）的收购，旨在切入人形机器人核心零部件赛道。狄兹精密是国内精密传动领域的“隐形”，专注于微型滚珠丝杠、行星滚柱丝杠等产品的研发与生产，其技术直接对应特斯拉Optimus人形机器人关节需求。狄兹精密在高精度丝杠和微型滚珠丝杠方面均有布局，技术积累深厚。根据《拟收购股权涉及的上海狄兹精密机械有限公司股东全部权益投资价值资产评估报告》，狄兹精密率先在国内掌握直径3mm及以下的滚珠丝杠的C1级精密加工工艺，并具备1.4mm直径微型滚珠丝杠量产能力，机器人灵巧手所需的3-5mm工艺已可成熟应用，技术实力在国内处于地位。收购金力传动，完整布局微型传动产业链。浙江荣泰7月14日公告，公司通过增资方式，以27.03元/股，以人民币10,065.9720万元认缴广东金力智能传动技术股份有限公司新增的372.4万元注册资本，对应本次增资后持有目标公司5.03%的股份，增资款中人民币9,693.5720万元计入资本公积。同时，通过股份转让的方式受让目标公司股东合计持有的737.3万股股份，转让金额合计为人民币19,933.643万元。上述增资及股份转让完成后，目标公司注册资本变更为7,398.00万元，公司持有目标公司15%股份。金力传动主营业务为微型智能传动模组、微型减速电机、微型电机的研发、生产及销售，能够为客户提供以微型传动为核心的运动驱动与控制相结合的一体化解决方案。金力传动深耕微型智能传动模组领域十余年，专注于微型传动系统中的微小模数齿轮箱、微型电机等精密部件生产研发，在微型传动模组、微小模数齿轮、微型直流电机等精密传动零部件的研发制造方面，构建了完整的技术研发与生产体系，形成智能机电系统解决方案的全链条服务能力。

　　In 2023, the company will enter the robot screw track through the acquisition of DiZi Precision, integrate precision transmission technology, and gradually put production bases in Mexico, Thailand and other places into operation in the future. The subsequent performance is worth looking forward to. Acquiring DiZi Precision Extension to expand the field of humanoid robots, with a focus on the micro screw field. In order to expand its business boundaries, Zhejiang Rongtai launched the acquisition of Shanghai Dezi Precision Machinery Co., Ltd. (KGG) in February 2025, aiming to enter the core component track of humanoid robots. DiZi Precision is the "hidden champion" in the field of precision transmission in China, focusing on the research and production of micro ball screws, planetary roller screws and other products. Its technology directly corresponds to the joint requirements of Tesla Optimus humanoid robots. DiZi Precision has a layout in both high-precision screw and micro ball screw, with profound technical accumulation. According to the Asset Evaluation Report on the Investment Value of All Shareholders' Equity of Shanghai DiZi Precision Machinery Co., Ltd. Involved in the Proposed Acquisition of Equity, DiZi Precision has taken the lead in mastering the C1 level precision machining technology for ball screws with a diameter of 3mm or less in China, and has the ability to mass produce 1.4mm diameter micro ball screws. The 3-5mm process required for robot dexterous hands can be maturely applied, and its technical strength is in a leading position in China. Acquiring Jinli Transmission and fully laying out the micro transmission industry chain. Zhejiang Rongtai announced on July 14th that the company has subscribed to Guangdong Jinli Intelligent Transmission Technology Co., Ltd.'s newly added registered capital of 3.724 million yuan at a price of 27.03 yuan per share, corresponding to 5.03% of the target company's shares held after this capital increase. The capital increase amount of 96.935720 million yuan is included in the capital reserve. At the same time, a total of 7.373 million shares held by shareholders of the target company were acquired through share transfer, with a total transfer amount of RMB 199.3643 million. After the above-mentioned capital increase and share transfer are completed, the registered capital of the target company is changed to 73.98 million yuan, and the company holds 15% of the target company's shares. Jinli Transmission's main business is the research and development, production, and sales of micro intelligent transmission modules, micro reduction motors, and micro motors. It can provide customers with integrated solutions that combine motion drive and control with micro transmission as the core. Jinli Transmission has been deeply involved in the field of micro intelligent transmission modules for more than ten years, focusing on the production and research and development of precision components such as micro module gearboxes and micro motors in micro transmission systems. In the research and development and manufacturing of precision transmission components such as micro transmission modules, micro module gears, and micro DC motors, a complete technical research and development and production system has been established, forming a full chain service capability for intelligent electromechanical system solutions.

　　4、双林股份双林股份成立于1987年，从事汽车零部件和配件及模具的设计、开发与制造，拳头产品为座椅驱动器，主营业务主要分为内外饰、轮毂轴承单元和新能源电机。收购丝杠设备公司科之鑫，产业链延伸布局加强协同。无锡市科之鑫机械制造有限公司，主要产品为螺纹磨床，针对滚珠丝杠、行星丝杠等传动部件，内螺纹磨床加工精度可达C3、C2级，外螺纹床加工精度可达P3、P2级。公司收购科之鑫，或提升公司丝杠研发与生产进度。双林股份积极布局人形机器人行星滚柱丝杠，目前已研发出样品。根据公司2025年1月13日发布的《关于"质量回报双提升"行动方案的公告》，公司滚柱丝杠产品已研发出样品，试制产线也已建设完成，当前已经对接国内两家头部新势力车企就人形机器人用反向式行星滚柱丝杠项目进行开发，批样件订单预计于2025年4月份进行交付。同时，已经向YS、TP等客户进行了送样。

　　4. Shuanglin Co., Ltd. was established in 1987, engaged in the design, development, and manufacturing of automotive parts, accessories, and molds. Its flagship product is seat drivers, and its main business is mainly divided into interior and exterior decoration, wheel hub bearing units, and new energy motors. Acquiring the screw equipment company Kezhixin, expanding the industrial chain layout and strengthening collaboration. Wuxi Kezhixin Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd. mainly produces thread grinders for transmission components such as ball screws and planetary screws. The machining accuracy of internal thread grinders can reach C3 and C2 levels, and the machining accuracy of external thread beds can reach P3 and P2 levels. The company's acquisition of Kezhixin may improve the progress of the company's screw research and production. Shuanglin Corporation is actively laying out humanoid robot planetary roller screws and has currently developed samples. According to the announcement on the "Double Improvement of Quality and Return" action plan released by the company on January 13, 2025, the company has developed samples of its roller screw products and completed the construction of a trial production line. Currently, it has connected with two leading domestic new energy vehicle companies to develop a reverse planetary roller screw project for humanoid robots. The first batch of sample orders is expected to be delivered in April 2025. Meanwhile, samples have been sent to clients such as YS and TP.

　　5、恒立液压国产液压龙头深耕液压领域30余年。公司成立于1990年，从事液压传动控制设备与系统集成，致力成为具有国际影响力的高端传动设备供应商。公司主要产品包括高压油缸、高压柱塞泵、液压多路阀、液压马达、工业阀、液压系统、液压测试台及高精密液压铸件等产品。公司液压产品下游应用领域覆盖行走机械、隧道工程、农业机械、工业工程、海洋工程、风电光伏新能源等行业与领域。公司线性驱动器项目稳步推进。公司2022年募资20亿元成立恒立精密工业，研发生产电动缸和滚珠丝杆等产品，并实现丝杆内制化，形成稳定的供应链。公司在2年的筹备期内完成了包括精密滚珠丝杠、行星滚柱丝杠、直线导轨等数十款产品的研发。滚珠丝杠产品已进行送样和小批量供货。2024年9月产线设备具备完整加工能力，公司与国内客户开展广泛对接送样，目前该项目已进入批量生产阶段。

　　5. Hengli Hydraulic, a domestic hydraulic leader, has been deeply involved in the hydraulic field for over 30 years. The company was founded in 1990 and is engaged in the integration of hydraulic transmission control equipment and systems, committed to becoming a high-end transmission equipment supplier with international influence. The company's main products include high-pressure oil cylinders, high-pressure plunger pumps, hydraulic multi way valves, hydraulic motors, industrial valves, hydraulic systems, hydraulic testing benches, and high-precision hydraulic castings. The downstream application areas of the company's hydraulic products cover industries and fields such as walking machinery, tunnel engineering, agricultural machinery, industrial engineering, marine engineering, wind and photovoltaic new energy. The company's linear drive project is steadily advancing. The company raised 2 billion yuan in 2022 to establish Hengli Precision Industry, which researches and produces products such as electric cylinders and ball screws, and realizes the internal manufacturing of screws, forming a stable supply chain. The company completed the research and development of dozens of products including precision ball screws, planetary roller screws, linear guides, etc. within a 2-year preparation period. The ball screw products have been sampled and supplied in small quantities. By September 2024, the production line equipment will have complete processing capabilities, and the company will conduct extensive docking and sample delivery with domestic customers. Currently, the project has entered the mass production stage.

　　6、北特科技深耕汽车底盘领域二十余载。公司在国内转向器齿条以及减振器活塞杆细分行业内，连续多年保持细分市场主导地位，拥有较强的影响力。目前公司主要业务包括底盘零部件业务、铝合金轻量化业务、空调压缩机业务三大板块，主要生产配套各类乘用车、商用车、新能源汽车关键零部件。公司客户绑定多家一线企业包括博世、采埃孚、蒂森克虏伯、耐世特、万都、汇众萨克斯等。前瞻布局人形机器人零部件产业，投资行星滚柱丝杠项目。公司凭借二十余年在金属精加工领域的技术积累，持续与客户合作开发多种丝杠产品，如行星滚柱丝杠、滚珠丝杠和梯形丝杠，涵盖螺母、行星滚柱、丝杆、齿圈等关键零部件。公司拟在江苏昆山总投资18.5亿元建设行星滚柱丝杠研发生产基地项目，规划用地约140。公司研发工作一直在持续进行中，上述部件处于样件阶段，并未被客户正式定点，还未形成收入。

　　6. Beite Technology has been deeply involved in the field of automotive chassis for more than 20 years. The company has maintained a dominant position in the segmented markets of steering gear racks and shock absorber piston rods in China for several consecutive years, and has a strong brand influence. At present, the company's main businesses include chassis parts business, aluminum alloy lightweight business, and air conditioning compressor business. It mainly produces key components for various passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles, and new energy vehicles. The company's clients are bound to multiple first tier enterprises, including Bosch, ZF, ThyssenKrupp, Nestor, Wandu, Huizhong Sachs, etc. Forward looking layout of humanoid robot parts industry, investing in planetary roller screw project. With more than 20 years of technical accumulation in the field of metal precision machining, the company continues to cooperate with customers to develop various screw products, such as planetary roller screws, ball screws, and trapezoidal screws, covering key components such as nuts, planetary rollers, screw rods, and gear rings. The company plans to invest a total of 1.85 billion yuan in Kunshan, Jiangsu to build a planetary roller screw research and production base project, with a planned land area of about 140 acres. The company's research and development work has been ongoing, and the above-mentioned components are in the prototype stage and have not been officially designated by the customer, and have not yet generated revenue.

　　07产业机遇

　　07 Industry Opportunities

　　1、设备是丝杠生产的核心制约因素，国产替代空间广阔

　　1. Equipment is the core limiting factor in screw production, and there is a vast space for domestic substitution

　　丝杠制造工序较长，流程复杂，其中行星滚柱丝杠内螺纹加工环节难度。国内设备生产企业在丝杠制造设备领域潜力巨大，具备超预期成长空间，有望实现跨越式发展。

　　The manufacturing process of the screw is relatively long and complex, among which the machining of the internal thread of the planetary roller screw is the most difficult. Domestic equipment manufacturing enterprises have enormous potential in the field of screw manufacturing equipment, with unexpected growth potential and the potential to achieve leapfrog development.

　　根据工艺流程，丝杠制造具有热处理、校直、磨床、车床和检测设备需要，结合当前丝杠产品广阔的应用前景，设备企业的市场需求具有稳定性和确定性；出于成本控制考量，下游人形机器人、汽车等企业迫切需求设备技术的更新升级，为设备制造领域带来新的发展机遇。

　　According to the process flow, screw manufacturing requires heat treatment, straightening, grinding machines, lathes, and testing equipment. Considering the broad application prospects of current screw products, the market demand of equipment enterprises has stability and certainty; Due to cost control considerations, downstream enterprises such as humanoid robots and automobiles urgently need equipment technology updates and upgrades, bringing new development opportunities to the equipment manufacturing field.

　　在加工环节中，行星滚柱丝杠中丝杠、螺母、滚柱等不同部位的磨削工艺存在差异，其中螺母内螺纹加工难度。受国内切削技术瓶颈限制，螺纹磨床作为丝杠制造关键设备，展现出良好的市场发展弹性。

　　In the machining process, there are differences in the grinding techniques for different parts of the planetary roller screw, such as the screw, nut, and roller. Among them, the difficulty of machining the internal thread of the nut is the highest. Due to the bottleneck of domestic cutting technology, thread grinders, as key equipment for screw manufacturing, have shown good market development elasticity.

　　海外丝杠加工设备高价“卡脖子”，国产替代刻不容缓。设备作为丝杠加工制造的核心技术壁垒，决定丝杠产品的精度，各类加工工艺的主流高精度设备厂商基本来自国外，海外设备进口存在“卡脖子”难题，且昂贵，国产替代刻不容缓。

　　The high price of overseas screw processing equipment is a bottleneck, and domestic substitution is urgent. As the core technological barrier for screw processing and manufacturing, equipment determines the accuracy of screw products. The mainstream high-precision equipment manufacturers for various processing techniques mostly come from abroad, and there is a bottleneck problem in the import of overseas equipment, which is expensive. Domestic substitution is urgent.

　　2、热处理：热处理炉、感应淬火设备需求提升

　　2. Heat treatment: Increased demand for heat treatment furnaces and induction hardening equipment

　　丝杠热处理涵盖多道工序，而正火与退火扮演重要角色。正火和退火作为丝杠热处理的前置工序，能够优化材料内部组织，改善切削性能，为后续加工筑牢坚实基础。丝杠的热处理工艺需要经过正火、退火、淬火及回火等多道工序处理。正火和退火两道工序主要为使丝杠材料内部的组织更加均匀、改善材料切削性能，有助于提高丝杠在后续加工的尺寸稳定性。这两道程序可以通过台车式电阻炉完成，能够便捷地控制系统调节温度，避免人工搬运对丝杠材料造成损坏。

　　Screw heat treatment involves multiple processes, with normalizing and annealing playing important roles. Normalization and annealing, as pre processes for screw heat treatment, can optimize the internal structure of materials, improve cutting performance, and lay a solid foundation for subsequent processing. The heat treatment process of the screw requires multiple processes such as normalizing, annealing, quenching, and tempering. The two processes of normalizing and annealing are mainly used to make the internal structure of the screw material more uniform, improve the cutting performance of the material, and help improve the dimensional stability of the screw in subsequent processing. These two programs can be completed through a trolley type resistance furnace, which can conveniently control the system to adjust the temperature and avoid damage to the screw material caused by manual handling.

　　丝杠通过淬火和回火处理提升表面硬度与耐磨性，借助热处理设备作业。丝杠表面需要进行淬火和回火处理，完成表面材料的硬度、耐磨性加工，进一步提升丝杠材料性能。常用设备为感应淬火热处理设备，以卡盘全自动淬火设备为例，它具有上料位、淬火位和下料位三个工位，每个工位之间的运料由自动移料机构完成，无需人工操作，能够实现工作状态及加工参数实时建控与记录。

　　The surface hardness and wear resistance of the screw are improved through quenching and tempering treatment, and efficient operation is achieved with the help of heat treatment equipment. The surface of the screw needs to be quenched and tempered to complete the hardness and wear resistance processing of the surface material, further improving the performance of the screw material. The commonly used equipment is induction quenching heat treatment equipment. Taking the chuck fully automatic quenching equipment as an example, it has three workstations: loading position, quenching position, and unloading position. The transportation between each workstation is completed by an automatic material transfer mechanism, without manual operation, and can achieve real-time control and recording of working status and processing parameters.

　　海外热处理设备生产企业普遍规模较大，而国内企业总体处于技术追赶期。国际热处理企业有鲍迪克、易普森、爱协林、易孚迪和萨伊集团等。其中，前三家企业主要生产可控气氛炉等工业炉热处理设备，后两家主要生产感应热处理设备。国内热处理设备制造与服务企业主要有金财互联、世创科技、恒进感应、恒精感应和升华感应，均为上市公司或挂牌企业，拥有较强的技术实力。其中，前两家主要生产可控气氛炉等工业炉热处理设备，后三家为生产感应处理设备的企业。相较于国际热处理企业，国内热处理设备制造企业在工艺稳定性、自动化水平以及温度控制精度都较为逊色，仍有很大发展空间。

　　Overseas heat treatment equipment manufacturing enterprises are generally large-scale, while domestic enterprises are generally in a period of technological catch-up. Internationally renowned heat treatment companies include Bodik, Epson, Aixie Lin, Yifudi, and Saiyi Group. Among them, the first three enterprises mainly produce industrial furnace heat treatment equipment such as controllable atmosphere furnaces, while the latter two mainly produce induction heat treatment equipment. Domestic heat treatment equipment manufacturing and service enterprises mainly include Jincai Internet, Shichuang Technology, Hengjin Induction, Hengjing Induction, and Shenghua Induction, all of which are listed companies or enterprises with strong technical strength. Among them, the first two mainly produce industrial furnace heat treatment equipment such as controllable atmosphere furnaces, while the last three are enterprises that produce induction treatment equipment. Compared with internationally renowned heat treatment enterprises, domestic heat treatment equipment manufacturing enterprises are relatively inferior in terms of process stability, automation level, and temperature control accuracy, and still have great room for development.

　　3、校直：丝杠自动校直机具有良好发展前景

　　3. Straightening: The screw automatic straightening machine has a good development prospect

　　在丝杠生产制造流程中，校直环节关重要。校直作为保证丝杠精度的关键步骤，直接决定着丝杠产品的质量与性能。在机械传动系统中，丝杠起着关键的作用。如果丝杠存在弯曲，当它旋转时，会导致螺母在丝杠上的运动轨迹出现偏差。通过校直，可以使丝杠的直线度达到规定的精度标准，确保螺母与丝杠之间的相对运动精度，从而提高整个机械传动系统的精度。丝杠校直常用设备为自动校直机，以高精度滚珠丝杠自动校直机为例，该设备采用双支撑双压头在C型架上一起移动的方式，可以精确行走到工件实际弯曲所在的位置，并灵活调整支撑与间距，完成率、高精度校直。

　　The straightening process is crucial in the manufacturing process of screw production. As a key step in ensuring the accuracy of the screw, straightening directly determines the quality and performance of the screw product. In mechanical transmission systems, lead screws play a crucial role. If the lead screw is bent, it will cause deviation in the motion trajectory of the nut on the lead screw when it rotates. By straightening, the straightness of the screw can reach the specified accuracy standard, ensuring the relative motion accuracy between the nut and the screw, thereby improving the accuracy of the entire mechanical transmission system. The commonly used equipment for screw straightening is an automatic straightening machine. Taking the high-precision ball screw automatic straightening machine as an example, the equipment adopts a double support and double pressure head moving together on a C-frame, which can accurately walk to the actual bending position of the workpiece and flexibly adjust the support and spacing to achieve high efficiency and precision straightening.

　　国际校直设备生产企业领域，国内企业仍需创新升级。

　　International school equipment manufacturing enterprises are leading in the field, while domestic enterprises still need to innovate and upgrade.

　　国际上校直设备生产技术的企业有日本THK、德国力士乐等；国内校直生产技术较的企业有较的企业有集智股份、汉江机床、昆山旭日滚动部件有限公司、吉林瑞铭机电设备有限公司等。相较于国际校直设备生产企业，国内企业在校直方面仍然存在着校直精度不够、自动化水平较低以及校直技术落后的问题，仍然需要进一步创新发展。

　　Internationally renowned companies in the production technology of straightening equipment include THK from Japan and Rexroth from Germany; Domestic enterprises with advanced production technology include Jizhi Co., Ltd., Hanjiang Machine Tool Co., Ltd., Kunshan Xuri Rolling Parts Co., Ltd., Jilin Ruiming Electromechanical Equipment Co., Ltd. Compared with internationally renowned straightening equipment manufacturers, domestic enterprises still face problems such as insufficient straightening accuracy, low automation level, and outdated straightening technology, which require further innovation and development.

　　4、磨床：国产化率较高，关注技术升级新机会

　　4. Grinding machine: high localization rate, focus on new opportunities for technological upgrading

　　磨床是丝杠加工磨削加工的核心技术，其精度直接决定丝杠精度。磨床通过其高度精密的磨削技术，能够确保丝杠具有一致的螺纹形状和尺寸，从而提供可靠的性能和稳定的运动控制。磨床的精度直接影响着丝杠的轴向精度、径向精度以及整体的运动平稳性。精准的磨床工艺能够确保丝杠的每个螺纹都具有高度一致的规格，防止误差和振动，从而提高系统的可靠性和工作精度，因而磨床其高精度的加工能力直接决定丝杠终的性能和质量。

　　Grinding machine is the core technology of screw machining, and its accuracy directly determines the accuracy of the screw. The grinder, through its highly precise grinding technology, can ensure that the screw has a consistent thread shape and size, thereby providing reliable performance and stable motion control. The accuracy of the grinder directly affects the axial accuracy, radial accuracy, and overall motion stability of the screw. The precise grinding process ensures that each thread of the screw has a highly consistent specification, preventing errors and vibrations, thereby improving the reliability and working accuracy of the system. Therefore, the high-precision machining capability of the grinder directly determines the final performance and quality of the screw.

　　丝杠不同部件需要的加工存在差异，涉及磨床设备类型较多。主要设备有内螺纹磨床、外螺纹磨床、外圆磨床（进行丝杠轴外圆表面加工）、中心磨床（丝杠轴中心孔加工）、平面磨床（螺杆端面加工）等。其中，螺纹磨床由于在精度、效率方面较为，在未来丝杠加工应用领域具有较大弹性。数控系统直接影响磨床效率与精度，是磨床核心的零部件。数控性能优劣直接影响机床稳定性和精度水平，从而影响加工材料的精度与性质。数控磨床也称为计算机数字控制磨床，是指能够接收、处理并转换数字指令来控制机械设备动作的一类自动化机床。

　　There are differences in the processing required for different components of the screw, involving various types of grinding equipment. The main equipment includes internal thread grinder, external thread grinder, external cylindrical grinder (for machining the outer surface of the screw shaft), center grinder (for machining the center hole of the screw shaft), surface grinder (for machining the screw end face), etc. Among them, the thread grinder has great flexibility in the future application field of screw machining due to its advanced precision and efficiency. The numerical control system directly affects the efficiency and accuracy of the grinder, and is the most essential component of the grinder. The performance of numerical control directly affects the stability and accuracy level of machine tools, thereby affecting the accuracy and properties of processed materials. Numerical control grinding machine, also known as computer digital control grinding machine, refers to a type of automated machine tool that can receive, process, and convert digital instructions to control the action of mechanical equipment.

　　数控系统是数控机床的“大脑”，包括控制系统、伺服系统和检测系统三大部分。数控系统通过计算机编程和自动化控制，使得磨床能够实现更为精确和的加工过程。通过精确的数值控制，磨床能够在复杂的几何形状和细微尺寸要求下进行加工，实现更精细的表面质量和更准确的尺寸控制。

　　The CNC system is the "brain" of CNC machine tools, including three main parts: control system, servo system, and detection system. The numerical control system enables grinding machines to achieve more precise and efficient machining processes through computer programming and automation control. Through precise numerical control, grinding machines can process complex geometric shapes and fine dimensional requirements, achieving finer surface quality and more accurate dimensional control.

　　近年来下游企业对降低成本的需求增强，以车代磨、以铣代磨技术运用更加广泛。车削加工主要是在工件高速旋转的情况下，利用刀具的直线运动或曲线运动来改变毛胚的形状和尺寸，将其加工成符合图纸要求的零件的一种加工方法。车床是国内金属切削机床领域成熟度较高的设备，目前国内部分企业具备与国外同行竞争的能力。未来数控车床能够通过缩短加工工时、提升加工效率实现以车代磨，成为降低加工成本的核心方向。

　　In recent years, downstream enterprises have increased their demand for cost reduction, and the use of car grinding and milling technology has become more widespread. Turning processing is mainly a machining method that uses the linear or curved motion of the cutting tool to change the shape and size of the blank while the workpiece is rotating at high speed, and to process it into a part that meets the requirements of the drawing. Lathe is a mature equipment in the field of metal cutting machine tools in China, and currently some domestic enterprises have the ability to compete with foreign counterparts. In the future, CNC lathes will be able to achieve the core direction of reducing machining costs by shortening machining hours and improving machining efficiency, replacing grinding with turning.

　　以铣代磨也是降低成本、提高工作效率一种方式。旋风铣削技术突破并推广于20世纪60-70年代，后续逐步应用在大连机床厂、北京机床研究所、山东博特和南京工艺等。南京工艺在2004年引进德国莱斯特瑞兹PW160型和PW300HP型CNC旋风硬铣床，可以精铣出800mm以上的大型滚珠丝杠副。目前国内积极布局旋风铣床开发，汉江机床目前开发的数控丝杠铣床可用于滚珠丝杠滚道硬旋铣成型加工，加工效率比传统方式提高30%。

　　Replacing grinding with milling is also a way to reduce costs and improve work efficiency. The whirlwind milling technology broke through and was promoted in the 1960s and 1970s, and gradually applied in Dalian Machine Tool Factory, Beijing Machine Tool Research Institute, Shandong Bote, and Nanjing Craft. Nanjing Craft first introduced the German Leicester Ritz PW160 and PW300HP CNC whirlwind hard milling machines in 2004, which can precision mill large ball screw pairs of over 800mm. At present, China is actively developing whirlwind milling machines. The CNC screw milling machine currently developed by Hanjiang Machine Tool can be used for hard rotary milling of ball screw raceways, with a processing efficiency 30% higher than traditional methods.

　　以车代磨、以铣代磨同时有望带动一部分硬刀具设备需求。在丝杠的螺纹加工中，硬质合金螺纹车刀或螺纹铣刀是常用的工具，它们能够精确地加工出各种螺距和牙型的螺纹。与传统高速钢螺纹刀具相比，硬质刀具的耐磨性更好，在加工过程中能够保持螺纹的尺寸精度和形状精度。例如，在加工高精度滚珠丝杠的螺纹时，硬质合金螺纹铣刀可以通过数控编程实现复杂的螺旋运动，加工出精度高、表面质量好的螺纹，并且加工效率比传统车削螺纹方法更高。目前，国内多家企业都相继推出针对丝杠的加工刀具，满足下游企业需求。

　　Replacing grinding with cars and milling with grinding is expected to drive demand for some hard tool equipment. Hard alloy thread turning tools or thread milling cutters are commonly used tools in screw thread machining, which can accurately machine threads of various pitches and profiles. Compared with traditional high-speed steel thread cutting tools, hard cutting tools have better wear resistance and can maintain the dimensional and shape accuracy of threads during the machining process. For example, when machining the threads of high-precision ball screws, hard alloy thread milling cutters can achieve complex spiral motion through CNC programming, producing threads with high precision and good surface quality, and with higher machining efficiency than traditional thread turning methods. At present, many domestic enterprises have successively launched efficient machining tools for lead screws to meet the needs of downstream enterprises.

　　磨床是丝杠机床加工程序中精密度的一类，技术难度也较大。以高精密磨床为例，该设备主要应用于丝杠导轨、机床主轴等部件加工，能够实现部件表面粗糙度Ra不大于0.01-0.14μm，精度达到0.1-0.5μm。

　　Grinding machine is the highest precision type in the machining program of screw machine tools, and the technical difficulty is also relatively high. Taking high-precision grinding machines as an example, this equipment is mainly used for machining components such as screw guides and machine tool spindles. It can achieve a surface roughness Ra of no more than 0.01-0.14 μ m and an accuracy of 0.1-0.5 μ m.

　　整体看来，海外企业在磨床上技术更加。瑞士的Tornos、Studer，德国的Schütte、KappNiles，日本的三菱重工等厂商在外螺纹磨床领域都拥有显著的技术实力和市场份额；瑞士Reishauer公司、英国公司HOLROYD、美国公司DRAKE等是世界的数控螺纹磨床生产和研发厂商；德国的西门子、日本的发那科等占据数控系统前沿，在全球市场份额。这些公司的产品代表着行业水平和发展方向，它们还通过不断创新，提升磨床产品的精度、效率和可靠性，以满足制造行业对高精密螺纹加工的不断提升的需求。

　　Overall, overseas companies are more technologically advanced in grinding machines. Tornos and Studer from Switzerland, Sch ü tte and KappNiles from Germany, and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries from Japan all have significant technical strength and market share in the field of external thread grinding machines; Swiss company Reishauer, British company HOLROYD, and American company DRAKE are world-renowned manufacturers and researchers of CNC thread grinders; Siemens from Germany and Fanuc from Japan occupy the forefront of CNC systems and lead the global market share. These companies' products represent the highest level and development direction of the industry. They also continuously innovate to improve the accuracy, efficiency, and reliability of grinding machine products to meet the increasing demand for high-precision thread machining in the manufacturing industry.

　　国内磨床企业奋起直追，国产替代进程有望提速。丝杠受益于人形机器人行业蓬勃发展，也带动国内磨床行业的发展。虽然在内螺纹磨床结构、返向装置在螺母内的对中安装精度、大螺旋升角的干涉、多头内螺纹的分度精度等方面国内磨床与国际产品尚存在不小差距，但磨床在运作效率、精度等方面也均已取得一定突破，存在一定国产替代的基础。国内数控螺纹磨床的骨干企业汉江机床、广州敏嘉、上海机床等自主设计和研发具有世界水平的内螺纹磨削加工中心，此外日发精机、华辰装备、浙海德曼等机床公司也开始切入丝杠磨床赛道。

　　Domestic grinding machine companies are catching up, and the process of domestic substitution is expected to accelerate. The screw benefits from the booming development of the humanoid robot industry and also drives the development of the domestic grinding machine industry. Although there is still a considerable gap between domestic grinding machines and international advanced products in terms of internal thread grinding machine structure, centering installation accuracy of the return device in the nut, interference of large helix angle, and indexing accuracy of multi head internal threads, grinding machines have also made certain breakthroughs in operational efficiency and accuracy, and there is a certain foundation for domestic substitution. The backbone enterprises of domestic CNC thread grinding machines, such as Hanjiang Machine Tool, Guangzhou Minjia, and Shanghai Machine Tool, have independently designed and developed internal thread grinding machining centers with world-class standards. In addition, machine tool companies such as Rifa Precision Machinery, Huachen Equipment, and Zhejiang Heideman have also begun to enter the lead screw grinding machine race.

　　5、检测设备：形成高精度检测完整体系

　　5. Testing equipment: forming a high-precision testing complete system

　　丝杠的尺寸精度直接影响与其他部件的配合精度，丝杠加工制造完成需细致检测。检测工作能够保证丝杠的精度达到精密仪器制造行业的高标准，使仪器能够实现高精度的测量、定位等功能。常用检测设备有导程精度测量仪、触针式轮廓测量仪、动态预紧力矩仪、摩擦力矩测量仪、寿命试验机和接触刚度测量机等。丝杠检测设备海外供应商众多，产品丰富多样。目前丝杠检测设备的海外供应商包括瑞士KUNZ Presicion、德国Kordt、日本三丰精密、东京精密等，产品包括激光干涉仪测量设备、丝杠螺纹主轴间距测量装置、表面形状测量仪等。

　　The dimensional accuracy of the screw directly affects the fitting accuracy with other components, and the completion of screw processing and manufacturing requires careful inspection. The testing work can ensure that the accuracy of the screw meets the high standards of the precision instrument manufacturing industry, enabling the instrument to achieve high-precision measurement, positioning and other functions. Common testing equipment includes lead accuracy measuring instruments, stylus profile measuring instruments, dynamic pre tightening torque measuring instruments, friction torque measuring instruments, life testing machines, and contact stiffness measuring machines. There are numerous overseas suppliers of screw detection equipment, offering a wide range of products. At present, overseas suppliers of screw detection equipment include KUNZ Prescription from Switzerland, Kordt from Germany, Sanfeng Precision from Japan, Tokyo Precision, etc. Their products include laser interferometer measuring equipment, screw thread spindle spacing measuring device, surface shape measuring instrument, etc.

　　国内企业经过多年技术攻关也拥有科学规范的一整套丝杠副和导轨副测评标准体系，后续有希望继续追赶国际企业。国内检测技术经历较长的发展历程，1990年开始，在标准化技术委员会的领导下，企业积极采用ISO标准，在行程精度、安装精度和性能指标等方面均达到国际水平，为我国滚珠丝杠副产品进入国际市场奠定基础。企业当中，南京工艺和汉江机床分别建立南京工艺装备制造有限公司滚动功能部件综合性能实验室、汉江机床滚动功能部件性能实验室；山东博特精机股份有限公司拥有国内一流检测装备产品。整体看来，国内产品在检测精度、检测设备自动化方面与国外企业相比略有逊色，国内企业目前还在不断创新、学习技术，力求进一步在丝杠检测设备与评价体系中获得发展与突破。

　　After years of technological breakthroughs, domestic enterprises also have a scientific and standardized set of evaluation standards for screw pairs and guide rail pairs, and there is hope to continue to catch up with international advanced enterprises in the future. Domestic testing technology has undergone a long development process. Since 1990, under the leadership of the Standardization Technical Committee, enterprises have actively adopted ISO standards, achieving international advanced levels in stroke accuracy, installation accuracy, and performance indicators, laying the foundation for China's ball screw by-products to enter the international market. Among the enterprises, Nanjing Craft and Hanjiang Machine Tool have respectively established the Rolling Function Component Comprehensive Performance Laboratory of Nanjing Craft Equipment Manufacturing Co., Ltd. and the Rolling Function Component Performance Laboratory of Hanjiang Machine Tool; Shandong Bote Precision Machinery Co., Ltd. has first-class domestic testing equipment products. Overall, domestic products are slightly inferior to foreign enterprises in terms of detection accuracy and automation of detection equipment. Domestic enterprises are currently constantly innovating and learning advanced technologies, striving to further develop and break through in screw detection equipment and evaluation systems.

　　08市场空间

　　08 Market Space

　　1、人形机器人量产路线清晰，有望成为丝杠重要增长点

　　1. The production route of humanoid robots is clear, and it is expected to become an important growth point for lead screws

　　人形机器人催化频出，量产路线清晰。宇树H1人形机器人登上2025年央视春晚，展示出了强大的稳定性和运动性能，成功将人形机器人带入大众视野，在全国范围内掀起一轮人形机器人热潮。2月Figure AI在结束与OpenAI合作后发布了通用视觉-语言-行动（VLA）模型Helix，模型加持下两台人形机器人能实现零样本杂物收纳，展示出出色的协同能力。此外，马斯克在24Q4财报电话会议中表示特斯拉人形机器人终量产版本将于2026年推出，并计划在2026年下半年对外交付。人形机器人催化频出，行业持续处于社会关注焦点，主要企业量产路线逐渐清晰，丝杠作为人形机器人关键零部件有望迎来需求增长。

　　Humanoid robots are frequently catalyzed, and the production route is clear. The Yushu H1 humanoid robot made its debut on the 2025 CCTV Spring Festival Gala, demonstrating strong stability and motion performance, successfully bringing humanoid robots into the public eye and sparking a wave of humanoid robot craze nationwide. In February, Figure AI released its first Universal Visual Language Action (VLA) model, Helix, after ending its collaboration with OpenAI. With the support of the model, two humanoid robots were able to achieve zero sample clutter storage, demonstrating excellent collaborative capabilities. In addition, Musk stated during the Q4 earnings conference call that the final mass-produced version of Tesla's humanoid robot will be launched in 2026 and plans to deliver it to the public in the second half of 2026. The catalysis of humanoid robots is frequent, and the industry continues to be a focus of social attention. The mass production routes of major enterprises are gradually becoming clear, and the screw, as a key component of humanoid robots, is expected to see demand growth.

　　人形机器人使用丝杠数量更多，将带动丝杠市场空间提升。2022年AI DAY上，特斯拉人形机器人Optimus正式亮相。硬件方案上，其躯干共有28个关节，分为旋转执行器14个、线性执行器14个，线性执行器方案为电机+行星滚柱丝杠和电机+梯型丝杠，对应单机使用丝杠数量14个，考虑到丝杠在实现精确运动的明显优势，人形机器人丝杠需求的确定性提升将成为未来丝杠市场空间提升的增量。

　　The use of more screws in humanoid robots will drive an increase in the screw market space. At the 2022 AI DAY, Tesla's humanoid robot Optimus was officially unveiled. In terms of hardware design, its torso has a total of 28 joints, divided into 14 rotary actuators and 14 linear actuators. The linear actuator design includes a motor+planetary roller screw and a motor+ladder screw, corresponding to the number of screws used in a single machine of 14. Considering the obvious advantage of screws in achieving precise motion, the increase in certainty of screw demand for humanoid robots will become the largest increment in the future screw market space.

　　人形机器人用丝杠市场空间测算：选取人形机器人年产量分别为1万台、5万台、50万台、100万台四个时间节点，按照特斯拉人形机器人单台使用14个线性执行器，对应14个滚柱丝杠测算；考虑生产规模等因素，滚柱丝杠均价随着人形机器人产量提升单价从0.30万元降0.10万元。测算得出，人形机器人年产量1万台、5万台、50万台、100万台分别对应4.2亿元、17.5亿元、140亿元、140亿元滚柱丝杠市场规模。

　　Calculation of the market space for lead screws used in humanoid robots: Four time points were selected for the annual production of humanoid robots, namely 10000 units, 50000 units, 500000 units, and 1 million units. According to the calculation of 14 linear actuators used in a single Tesla humanoid robot, corresponding to 14 roller lead screws; Considering factors such as production scale, the average price of roller screws has decreased from 3000 yuan to 1000 yuan as the output of humanoid robots increases. According to calculations, the annual production of humanoid robots is 10000 units, 50000 units, 500000 units, and 1 million units, respectively, corresponding to a market size of 420 million yuan, 1.75 billion yuan, 14 billion yuan, and 14 billion yuan for roller screws.

　　2、国产新能源汽车高端化带动丝杠需求增长汽车销量连续四年正增长，新能源占比提升明显。根据汽车工业协会的数据，2024年我国汽车销量为3143.60万辆，同比增长4.50%，实现连续四年正增长，2025年前两月在以旧换新政策带动下，汽车销量同比增长13.10%。新能源汽车销量自2020年实现快速增长，2024年实现新能源汽车销量1286.60万台，占当年汽车总销量的40.93%。

　　2. The high-end development of domestic new energy vehicles has driven an increase in demand for lead screws, and car sales have been growing for four consecutive years, with a significant increase in the proportion of new energy vehicles. According to data from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, China's automobile sales in 2024 were 31.436 million units, a year-on-year increase of 4.50%, achieving four consecutive years of positive growth. In the first two months of 2025, driven by the trade in policy, automobile sales increased by 13.10% year-on-year. The sales of new energy vehicles have achieved rapid growth since 2020, with 12.866 million units sold in 2024, accounting for 40.93% of the total car sales for that year.

　　国产新能源汽车快速发展，带动汽车用丝杠需求增长。丝杠一般使用在汽车转向系统、制动系统中，均是将电机的回转运动转化为直线运动。电动助力转向系统（EPS）主要分为转向管柱助力式（C-EPS）、小齿轮助力式（P-EPS）、双小齿轮式（DP-EPS）和齿条助力式（R-EPS），其中R-EPS将电机直接布置在齿条上，通过滚珠丝杠将电机动力传输到齿条上，在助力效果、相应速度上均优于其他几类，因此一般用于中大型车型。在制动系统中，以电子机械制动系统（EMB）为例，EMB将传统液压制动方式转变为电机直接提供动力，驱动夹紧装置中的丝杠螺母将电机的回转运动转为制动力所需的直线运动，其简捷的结构和的性能极大地提高了汽车的制动性，被认为是车辆制动器的模式。目前国产新能源汽车已实现快速发展，更高端的定位、更大的整车质量、更强的动力对汽车转向、制动系统均提出了更高要求，R-EPS、EMB等系统的应用将带动汽车用丝杠需求的增长。

　　The rapid development of domestic new energy vehicles has driven an increase in demand for automotive screws. Screw is generally used in automotive steering and braking systems, which convert the rotary motion of the motor into linear motion. Electric power steering systems (EPS) are mainly divided into column assisted steering (C-EPS), pinion assisted steering (P-EPS), double pinion assisted steering (DP-EPS), and rack assisted steering (R-EPS). Among them, R-EPS directly arranges the motor on the rack and transmits the motor power to the rack through a ball screw, which is superior to other types in terms of assist effect and corresponding speed. Therefore, it is generally used for medium and large vehicle models. In the braking system, taking the electronic mechanical braking system (EMB) as an example, EMB transforms the traditional hydraulic braking method into a motor directly providing power, driving the screw nut in the clamping device to convert the motor's rotary motion into the linear motion required for braking force. Its simple structure and efficient performance greatly improve the braking safety of the car and are considered the ultimate mode of vehicle braking. At present, domestic new energy vehicles have achieved rapid development. Higher end positioning, larger vehicle quality, and stronger power have put forward higher requirements for automotive steering and braking systems. The application of systems such as R-EPS and EMB will drive the growth of demand for automotive screw rods.

　　3、高端机床关键零部件，持续受益于国产化率提升

　　3. Key components of high-end machine tools continue to benefit from the increase in localization rate

　　作为高端装备重要组成部分，机床行业频获政策支持。数控机床作为工业母机，是装备制造的重要基础，其发展水平高低是我国从制造大国转变到制造强国的关键指标。早在2019年发改委修订发布的《产业结构调整指导目录（2019年本）》中就将“高档数控机床及配套数控系统：五轴及以上联动数控机床，数控系统，高精密、高性能的切削刀具、量具量仪和磨料磨具”列为鼓励发展项目。近年来各级部门陆续出台相关政策，从设计、资金支持、税收减免、产需对接等多方面推动高端数控机床产业发展。未来随着行业支持政策不断利好，丝杠作为机床传动系统的重要组成部分，有望持续受益于机床政策带动。

　　As an important component of high-end equipment, the machine tool industry has received frequent policy support. As an industrial mother machine, CNC machine tools are an important foundation for equipment manufacturing, and their level of development is a key indicator for China's transformation from a manufacturing power to a manufacturing powerhouse. As early as 2019, the "Guiding Catalogue for Industrial Structure Adjustment (2019 Edition)" revised and released by the National Development and Reform Commission listed "high-end CNC machine tools and supporting CNC systems: five axis and above linkage CNC machine tools, CNC systems, high-precision, high-performance cutting tools, measuring instruments, and abrasives" as encouraged development projects. In recent years, various levels of departments have successively introduced relevant policies to promote the development of the high-end CNC machine tool industry from multiple aspects such as top-level design, financial support, tax reduction, and supply-demand matching. In the future, with the continuous support of industry policies, screw as an important component of machine tool transmission system is expected to continue to benefit from the driving force of machine tool policies.

　　为世界的机床生产国、消费国，机床产品进出口仍有差距。从产业规模来看，根据德国机械工业网的数据显示，2023年，我国机床产值达253亿欧元，全球占比31%；机床消费237亿欧元，全球占比29%，自2009年以来我国连续15年成为全球机床生产及消费国。从进出口角度来看，2024年我国金属加工机床产品实现贸易顺差27.2亿美元，但结构上我国出口机床以中低端机床为主，2024年机床出口均价为0.62千美元/台；进口则以高端机床为主，同期进口均价为83.89千美元/台，未来国产高端机床发展任重道远。

　　China is the world's largest producer and consumer of machine tools, and there is still a gap in the import and export of machine tool products. From the perspective of industry scale, according to data from the German Machinery Industry Network, China's machine tool output value will reach 25.3 billion euros in 2023, accounting for 31% of the global total; Machine tool consumption is 23.7 billion euros, accounting for 29% of the global total. Since 2009, China has been the world's largest producer and consumer of machine tools for 15 consecutive years. From the perspective of import and export, China's metal processing machine tool products achieved a trade surplus of 2.72 billion US dollars in 2024. However, structurally speaking, China's exported machine tools are mainly low-end machine tools, with an average export price of 0.62 thousand US dollars per unit in 2024; Imports are mainly focused on high-end machine tools, with an average import price of 83.89 thousand US dollars per unit during the same period. The future development of domestically produced high-end machine tools is a long and arduous task.

　　滚珠丝杠主要作为机床直线进给机构。根据觅途咨询的数据，2023年滚柱丝杠市场下游主要面向机床行业，占比达54%。结构上，机床主要由床身、主轴箱、刀架、数控装置、尾座、进给机构等部分组成，其中丝杠主要用于机床进给机构，属于核心零部件，决定了机床的运动精度以及可靠度，由于机床普遍需要连续加工，生产过程中产生的热量将使机床结构发生膨胀、收缩和形变，因此主轴、丝杠这类长轴类零部件需要克服热变形带来的误差，对于丝杠材料、丝杠类型以及加工工艺均提出较高要求。

　　Ball screws are mainly used as linear feed mechanisms for machine tools. According to data from Mitu Consulting, in 2023, the downstream of China's roller screw market mainly targets the machine tool industry, accounting for 54%. Structurally, the machine tool is mainly composed of the bed, spindle box, tool holder, CNC device, tailstock, feed mechanism, etc. Among them, the lead screw is mainly used for the feed mechanism of the machine tool and is a core component that determines the motion accuracy and reliability of the machine tool. Due to the fact that machine tools generally require continuous processing, the heat generated during the production process will cause the machine tool structure to expand, contract, and deform. Therefore, long axis components such as the spindle and lead screw need to overcome the errors caused by thermal deformation, and high requirements are put forward for the material, type, and processing technology of the lead screw.

　　五轴数控机床为机床领域水平，高端机床国产化将带来丝杠需求提升。五轴联动是指机床基本的直线轴三轴X、Y、Z及附加的旋转轴A、B、C中的两轴，五个轴同时运动，任意调整刀具或工件的姿态，实现对空间复杂型面的加工。五轴联动数控技术是衡量一个复杂精密零件制造能力技术水平的重要标准之一。五轴联动数控机床是解决航天、航空发动机叶轮、叶盘、叶片、船用螺旋桨等关键工业产品切削加工的手段。根据QYResearch预测，2024年五轴联动数控机床市场规模将达到120亿元，同比增长7.14%，未来随着我国制造业的快速发展以及智能制造的持续推进，以五轴数控机床为代表的高端机床国产化有望持续带动丝杠需求增长。

　　Five axis CNC machine tools are the most advanced level in the field of machine tools, and the localization of high-end machine tools will bring about an increase in demand for lead screws. Five axis linkage refers to the basic linear axis, three axes X, Y, Z, and two additional rotational axes A, B, and C of a machine tool. The five axes move simultaneously, allowing for arbitrary adjustment of the tool or workpiece posture and achieving machining of complex spatial surfaces. Five axis linkage CNC technology is one of the important standards for measuring a country's manufacturing capability and technical level of complex precision parts. Five axis linkage CNC machine tool is the only means to solve the cutting and machining of key industrial products such as aerospace and aviation engine impellers, blades, blades, and marine propellers. According to QYResearch's prediction, the market size of China's five axis linkage CNC machine tools will reach 12 billion yuan in 2024, a year-on-year increase of 7.14%. In the future, with the rapid development of China's manufacturing industry and the continuous promotion of intelligent manufacturing, the localization of high-end machine tools represented by five axis CNC machine tools is expected to continue to drive the growth of screw demand.