滚珠丝杠是一种将回转运动与直线运动相互转换的精密机械传动元件，由螺杆、螺母、滚珠和循环装置等核心部件构成。工作原理：利用滚珠在丝杠与螺母的螺旋滚道间滚动，以滚动摩擦取代传统梯形丝杠的滑动摩擦，从而实现了高传动效率（可达90%以上）、高精度、高刚性以及长寿命等显著特点。

　　Ball screw is a precision mechanical transmission component that converts rotary motion and linear motion, consisting of core components such as screw, nut, ball, and circulation device. Working principle: Utilizing ball bearings to roll between the spiral raceway of the screw and nut, replacing the sliding friction of traditional trapezoidal screws with rolling friction, thus achieving significant characteristics such as high transmission efficiency (up to 90% or more), high precision, high rigidity, and long service life.

　　01、滚珠丝杠的精度精度等级主要依据导程精度进行划分。

　　The accuracy level of ball screws is mainly divided based on lead accuracy.

　　常见的标准有日本JIS标准和国际ISO标准：JIS标准分为C0、C1、C3、C5、C7、C10共6个等级，其中C0C5属于精密级，C7和C10属于普通级；ISO 3408-1标准则分为1、3、5、7、10共5个等级，1、3、5级主要用于定位，7、10级主要用于传送。精度数值越小，代表精度越高。例如，C0级滚珠丝杠的精度极高，而C7级则适用于一般数控机床。轴向间隙（背隙）也是影响精度，特别是在运动方向反转时的重要因素，通常需要通过预压来或控制。

　　Common standards include Japanese JIS standards and international ISO standards: JIS standards are divided into six levels: C0, C1, C3, C5, C7, and C10. C0 to C5 belong to precision levels, while C7 and C10 belong to ordinary levels; The ISO 3408-1 standard is divided into 5 levels: 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10. Levels 1, 3, and 5 are mainly used for positioning, while levels 7 and 10 are mainly used for transmission. The smaller the precision value, the higher the precision. For example, C0 grade ball screws have extremely high precision, while C7 grade is suitable for general CNC machine tools. Axial clearance (backlash) is also an important factor affecting accuracy, especially when the direction of motion is reversed, and it usually needs to be eliminated or controlled through preloading.

　　02、滚珠丝杠选型，应根据应用需求确定精度等级，例如高精度数控机床常选用C5或更高等级，而普通自动化设备可选C7级。

　　02. When selecting ball screws, the accuracy level should be determined based on the application requirements. For example, high-precision CNC machine tools often use C5 or higher levels, while ordinary automation equipment can choose C7 level.

　　其次，需计算负载，根据移动物体的重量、工作模式等确定所需的轴向推力，并确保其小于丝杠的容许轴向负载。接着，根据所需的直线运动速度和驱动电机的转速来确定合适的导程（螺距）。此外，公称直径的选择需兼顾负载能力与DN值（公称直径与极限转速的乘积）限制，以确保高速运行的稳定性。行程长度则需考虑工作行程、螺母长度及安装余量。

　　Secondly, it is necessary to calculate the load, determine the required axial thrust based on the weight of the moving object, working mode, etc., and ensure that it is less than the allowable axial load of the screw. Next, determine the appropriate lead (pitch) based on the required linear motion speed and the speed of the driving motor. In addition, the selection of nominal diameter should take into account both load capacity and DN value (the product of nominal diameter and ultimate speed) limitations to ensure stability during high-speed operation. The travel length needs to consider the working travel, nut length, and installation allowance.

　　03、滚珠丝杠的结构按滚珠循环方式主要分为内循环和外循环，内循环结构紧凑，适用于高速、高精度场合；外循环承载能力较大，多用于重载场合。

　　03. The structure of ball screws is mainly divided into internal circulation and external circulation according to the ball circulation mode. The internal circulation structure is compact and suitable for high-speed and high-precision applications; The external loop has a high load-bearing capacity and is often used in heavy-duty situations.

　　螺母形式则有单螺母和双螺母之分，双螺母可通过预向间隙，提高刚性，适用于不允许有反向间隙的精密传动。同时，必须根据安装条件选择合适的支撑单元（如EK、BK、FK型等）和安装方式（如固定-固定、固定-支撑等），以确保系统的同轴度和运行平稳性。

　　There are two types of nuts: single nuts and double nuts. Double nuts can eliminate axial clearance through preloading, improve rigidity, and are suitable for precision transmissions that do not allow reverse clearance. At the same time, suitable support units (such as EK, BK, FK types, etc.) and installation methods (such as fixed fixed, fixed support, etc.) must be selected according to the installation conditions to ensure the coaxiality and smooth operation of the system.

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